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Cell and Molecular Biology > MODULE 3 > Flashcards

MODULE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of Transcription (3)

____ occurs when enzyme in RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. DNA unwinds and enzyme can now read the bases.

____ addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

____ it detaches from DNA, mRNA strand is complete afterwards

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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2
Q

Who coined the term Central Dogma which explains the flow of genetic information?

A

Francis Crick

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3
Q

Types of strand (2):

ANTISENSE strand -
SENSE strand -

A

Template strand
- the RNA molecules will be complementary and antiparallel to this strand

Non-template strand

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4
Q

COOKBOOK =
CHEF =
RECIPE =
INGREDIENTS =
PIZZA =

A

COOKBOOK = DNA
CHEF = RIBOSOME
RECIPE = mRNA
INGREDIENTS = AMINO ACID
PIZZA = PROTEINS

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5
Q

START codon

A

AUG

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6
Q

STOP codon

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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7
Q

____ coding for a protein

A

GENE EXPRESSION

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8
Q

Considering there are millions of base pairs in a chromosome.

How many bp in a gene?

A

10 - 50 Kbp

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9
Q

____ aims to make an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. A process where RNA molecules are synthesized from DNA templates.

It makes a protein-coding gene, the RNA Copy, or ____ which carries the information needed to make a ____ unit

A

Transcription

transcript
polypeptide unit

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10
Q

Where does transcription occur for eukaryotes?

Where does it occur for prokaryotes?

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Transcription is catalyzed by the enzyme ____ for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

It needs three major components for the process:

A

RNA polymerase

It needs three major components for the transcription process:

  1. DNA template
  2. the Substrate (raw material)
  3. The transcription apparatus
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12
Q

_____ a stretch of DNA that encodes an RNA molecule and the sequences necessary for its transcription.

It has (3)

A

The transcription unit

  1. Promoter
  2. RNA-coding region
  3. terminator
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13
Q

_____ a DNA sequence that initiates and TRANSCRIPTION APPARATUS recognizes and binds. Determines the DNA strand to be read as template + the direction.

_____ a sequence of DNA nucleotides copied into an RNA molecule

_____ a sequence of nucleotides that signals where transcription is to end. Transcription stops when it is copied to RNA

A

Promoter

RNA-coding region

Terminator

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14
Q

What is the substrate for transcription?

Nucleotides are added where?

A

ribonucleotide triphosphates

3’ -OH

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15
Q

What kind of structures forms in RNA for termination?

A

hairpin structure

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16
Q

TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE:

RNA polymerase I - located in the ____, which ___ is transcribed processed and assembled into ___.

RNA polymerase II - located in the ____, and synthesizes all ____

RNA polymerase III - located in the ___, transcribes ___ and ____

A

nucleolus
rRNA
ribosomes

nucleus
pre-mRNAs

nucleus
pre-tRNAS
nuclear pre-RNAs

17
Q

Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription

  1. DNA exists as _____ which is why it must be opened
  2. Bacteria have ___ RNA pol only
  3. Bacteria have ___ which recognizes and binds directly to promoter
  4. In eukaryotes, promoter recognition is carried out by ____ which bind to the promoter.
  5. Eukaryotes have extra ____ many kilobases away from the transcription start site
A

chromatin

one

holoenzyme

accessory proteins

regulatory sequences

18
Q

_____ Term for any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription in eukayotic cells

There are two types:

____ General factors that participate in the transcription-initiation complex

____ Specific factors that stimulate or repress transcription of particular genes by binding to the regulatory sequences

A

Transcription Factor

There are two types:
BTF - Basal Transcription Factors

TAP - Transcriptional activator proteins

19
Q

_____ consensus sequence in the promotor region of eukaryotic genes that binds to a general transcription factor.

____ The basal transcription factor that binds to the TATA box.The transcription factor that specifies the position at which transcription is initiated.

A

TATA BOX

TATA - binding protein (TBP)

20
Q

_____ Protein complex that moves histones out of the way of the DNA template.

It will replace them again later.

A

FACT “Facilitates chromatin trasncription”

21
Q

What do you add to pre-MRNA?

____ protects mRNA in the cytoplasm and helps in the attachment of mRNA with ribosome for translation. It is made up of a ____(____)

____ with the process of ____ it signals the end of mRNA, it has a lot of Adenine bases. Helps with the stability.

____ is when sections of INTRONS are removed and the EXONS stuck together by ____ or a complex____

A

5’ cap
GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)

3’ polyadenylation tail
polyadenylation

splicing

snRNPs
spliceosome

22
Q

Steps of pre-mRNA splicing (3)

The ____ loops out as ____ bind together to form a ____

The ___ is ___ and the ____ are spliced together

The resulting ____ can then exit the ___ to be translated in the cytoplasm

A

The INTRON loops out as snRNPs bind together to form a SPLICEOSOME

The intron is excised and the exons are spliced together

The resulting MATURE mRNA may then exit the NUCLEUS to be translated in the CYTOPLASM

23
Q

Termination of RNA chain synthesis is brought about by two type of mechanisms:

_____ also called ____ is a mechanism that causes mRNA transcription to be stopped. The mRNA has a sequence that can base pair with itself to form a ____ structure of ___ in length that is rich in ____

This is what causes the hairpin structure with ____ nucleotides in the 2nd inverted repeat and then a string of ____ nucleotides after the hairpin

A

Intrinsic Termination / Rho-independent termination

stem-loop structure
7-20 base pairs

cytosine-guanine base pairs

6 adenine
uracil

24
Q

_____ where more than one mRNA can be made from the same gene

A

Alternative splicing

25
Q

_____ the second part of the central dogma and is RNA to protein or Protein syntehesis. It occurs in the Cytoplasm.

After an mRNA leaves the ____ it goes to a ____

A

Translation

nucleus
ribosome

26
Q

where does the mRNA leave through so it can bind to a ribosome?

What carries the individual amino acids to the surface of the ribosome so it can line up against a ____ with its ____?

_____ link the amino acids together to form ___ before the previous thing breaks away to pick up another amino acid.

Finally, the completed ____ detaches through the ____ to move into ____ to become a functional protein.

A

Nuclear pores

tRNA
complementary codon
anticodon

Ribosomal enzymes
peptibe bonds

polypeptide
Release factor
golgi apparatus

27
Q

(a) _____
_____

(b) _____
_____

(c) _____
_____

(d) _____
____
____
____

A

(a) Transcription
RNA

(b) Post-Transcription
mRNA

(c) Translation
Polypeptide

(d) Post translation
Protein folds upon itself
Effector Molecule
Active Protein

Cell and Molecular Biology (19 decks)

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