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PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Why are cells small

A

Allows the communication process faster and better

Accommodation of larger quantities

Requires less energy

Faster diffusion

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2
Q

BAHAGI NI SIHAY (Cell)

MITOCHONDRION

CYTOPLASM

LYSOSOME

RIBOSOME

CENTRIOLE

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

A

SULIDLAWAS

SILIDKAPHAY

BILUSLAWAS

RIBOLAWAS

GITBUTIL

LAMAD NG BUTOD

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3
Q

BAHAGI NI SIHAY (Cell) 2

PLASMA MEMBRANE

CHROMATIN

NUCLEUS

NUCLEOLUS

GOLGI BODIES

A

LAMAD NG KAPHAY

KULAYIN

BUTOD

IBUTOD

GOLGILAWAS

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4
Q

Common features of all cells (7)

A

Universal Genetic Code

Same 20 Amino Acids

Universally conserved genes

Making Proteins

Chemiosmosis

Metabolic pathways

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5
Q

Nucleic Acid Polymer

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Protein Dry Mass amount

A

50%

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7
Q

receptors for hormones or neurotransmitters

A

Transmembrane Proteins

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8
Q

serve to regulate the transport or signaling activities of transmembrane
protein complexes

A

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

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9
Q

Membrane proteins covalently linked to OLIGOSACCHARIDES

A

Glycoproteins

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10
Q

These oligosaccharides are called ___, and sugar-linked proteins are
therefore called glycoproteins.

A

glycans

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11
Q

Lipids in cell membrane

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol

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12
Q

Proteins in cell membrane(5)

A

Transport Proteins
Receptor
Adhesion Molecules
Antigen
Enzymes

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13
Q

Carbs in Cell Membrane

A

Glycoproteins
Glycolipids

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14
Q

the movement of particles (solute) across or through a barrier.

Essential homeostatic mechanism for regulating cellular
ionic balance

A

Membrane Transport

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15
Q

MT maintainance

pH

Na+

K+

Ca2+

A

pH 7.5

Na+ 10mmol/L

K+ 200 mmol/L

Ca2+ 0.1 umol/L or less

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16
Q

Types of Membrane Transport (3)

A

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Vesicular Transport

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17
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

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18
Q

Types of Active Transport (2)

Tiers below it (3)

A

Primary (pumps)
Secondary (co-transport)

Uniport, Symport, Antiport

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19
Q

Types of Vesicular Transport (2)

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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20
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

undergo _____ change when they bind to a solute to be transported.

It also undergoes a ___ so there is no longer a high affinity

A

Carrier proteins

Allosteric

Second conformational change

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

They have an ___ which becoems accessible to ions after a conformational change that opens it

Responsible for excitability of cells neuronal of muscle cell responses

A

Ion Channel Proteins

Aqueous pore

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22
Q

the diffusion of water across membranes from low to high solute concentrations

allows cells to use water to maintain cellular integrity or to adapt to changes

A

Osmosis

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23
Q

Water movement of Osmosis

A

solute low to solute high

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24
Q

Osmosis

HOH gain

No change

HOH loss

A

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

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25
In plant cells, Hypotonic is ___ Hypertonic is ____
Hypotonic Turgid Hypertonic Plasmolyzed (flaccid)
26
Water vacuoles that hold water for plants from Cytosol
Tonoplasts
27
maintenance of a correct balance of ions requires an input of free energy
Active transport
28
___ provides the energy for operation of a ___ pump, an active transport protein complex linked to ____
ATP hydrolysis Na+/K+ ATPase activity
29
internalizing extracellular substances capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane
Endocytosis
30
the secretion of large molecules expel material from the cell into the extracellular fluid
Exocytosis
31
deliver membrane proteins made in cells to the cell surface
Exocytotic pathways
32
Types of things expelled through exocytosis (2)
proteins and glycoproteins like digestive enzymes Peptide/Polypeptide Hormones
33
3 Main types of Endocytosis Cell membrane surrounds particle and engulfs it Cell membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of liquid and pinches off Uptake of substances is targeted to a single type that binds to the receptor on the external surface
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis
34
Exocytosis Waste material is enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the interior of the ____ opens the ____ on the exterior of the cell. the waste material is expelled into the extracellular space
plasma membrane membranous envelope
35
Only passive examples of transport
Diffusion (small molecular weight) Osmosis (Water) Facilitated Transport/Diffusion (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Glucose)
36
Examples of Exocytosis secretion of ___ and ____by synaptic vesicles.
proteins of the extracellular matrix secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
37
class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or extracellular matrix allow to function as a unit and exchange info and nutrients
Cell junctions
38
Cell junctions maintain the ____ of ___ and control ___
Paracellular barrier of Epithelia Paracellular Transport
39
Types of cell-cell junctions (4)
Tight Junctions Adherens Junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
40
Type of Cell-matrix Junctions
Hemidesmosomes Extracellular Matrix Actin-linked Cell Matrix Junction
41
3 main purposes of junctions in healthy cells
✓ To bind cells tightly ✓ To give tissues structural integrity and; ✓ To allow cells in contact with one another to pass chemical information directly between them.
42
Cancer cells typically have fewer ___ and ___ in their membranes and cant inform each other when they reach ___ This causes them to ___ or spread from their original site of formation
cadherens integrins confluence metastize
43
A complex web system that allows animal cells to connect and communicate connective tissues and fibres not part of the cell holds cells together to form a tissue and allow tissues to communicate with each other.
Extracellular matrix
44
Components of ECM
Proteins Carbohydrates
45
Commonn parts of Extracellular matrix
Collagen Fiber - Protein Fibronectin - Glycoprotein Integrin
46
Parts of a proteoglycan complex
Carbohydrates Protein Polysaccharide
47
Where is the ECM connected? (2)
Cytoskeletal fibers Transmembrane proteins
48
Form the framework of the vertebrate body in different amounts Major in (2): Minor in (2):
Connective tissues Cartilage and Bone Brain and SPinal COrd
49
Cells that secrete COLLAGEN for the formation of connective tissue
Fibroblast
50
Main classes of the Extracellular Matrix (3) polysaccharide chains covalently linked to protein in the form ___ have both structural and adhesive functions. noncollagenous which which carry conventional asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Proteoglycans Fibrous proteins Glycoproteins
51
Types of Fibrous proteins (4)
collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin
52
unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units. Highly negatively charged
Glycosaminoglycans
53
Groups of GAGs (5)
hyaluronan Chondroitin Sulfate Dermatan Sulfate Heparan Sulfate Keratan Sulfate
54
Also called hyaluronic acid Simplest GAG Regular repeating sequence of disaccharide and is found in all tissues and fluids Abundant in early embryos
Hyaluronan
55
Composed of GaG Chains Covalently Linked to a Core protein Membrane-bound ____make the polypeptide chain, or core protein, of a proteoglycan assembled on this core protein in the ___
Proteoglycan ribosomes Golgi apparatus
56
secreted in large quantities by connective-tissue cells most abundant proteins in mammals, where they constitute 25% of total protein mass
FIbrous proteins (collagen)
57
Collagens are extremely rich in ___ and ___, both importaint in the formation of triple-stranded helix
Proline Glycine
58
highly hydrophobic rich in proline and glycine but is not glycosylated hydrophobic segments alanineand lysine-rich α-helical segments
Fibrous proteins (elastin fibers)
59
large glycoprotein found in all vertebrates and important for many cell–matrix interactions. large glycoprotein found in all vertebrates and important for many cell–matrix interactions. guide cell movements in developing tissues
FIbrous proteins (Fibronectin)
60
primary organizer of the sheet structure Comprise a large family of proteins
FIbrous proteins (laminin)
61
transmembrane heterodimers that Link the Extracellular Matrix to the Cytoskeleton superfamily of cell adhesion receptors that bind to extracellular matrix ligands 24 of them
Integrins
62
Fibronectin Distribution Phenotypes when mutated
Ubiquitous Death of embryo, blood vessel damage
63
Laminin Distribution Phenotypes when mutated
Ubiquitous + muscle + Hemidesmosomes Skin blistering, embryo death, muscle dystrophy
64
Counterreceptors Distribution Phenotypes when mutated
White Blood Cells Leucocytes impairment
65
FIbrinogen Distribution Phenotypes when mutated
Platelets Bleeding
66
Surface protein
Peripheral Proteins
67
Extracellular surface is sugar coated with ___ covalently linked to membrane proteins or phospholipids as ___, and ____
Oligosaccharides Glycoproteins Glycolipids
68
Like tiles embedded in the phospholipid medium
Integral membrane proteins

Cell and Molecular Biology (19 decks)

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