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Cell and Molecular Biology > Module 2 Cellular Functions > Flashcards

Module 2 Cellular Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Considered as the control center of the cell. It is where the genetic material is found which serves as the blueprint of every organism.

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

____ contains the instructions of growth and development in humans and all living things

It is packaged into ____ that contain all our ____

It also stands for ___ and contains chains of (4)

A

DNA

Chromosomes
Genes

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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3
Q

Instructions for making proteins which do the work within the cell and body

A

Genes

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4
Q

Humans genetic information, also known as ___ can be described as the ____

It can be thought that it has two volumes with one volume each from the parents

Each volume contains ___ chapters each, equivalent to the amount of chromosomes in human body cells

Each chapter has recipe pages (Coding DNA or genes ____) and in-between pages (non-coding _____) which still has various jobs we don’t understand

All words are made up of ____ letters with an alphabet of ____ letters

A

Genome
Book of Life

23

Exons
Introns

3
4

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5
Q

Which genes are turned on or off can be influenced by (5)

A

diet
chemical exposure
exercise
aging
messages from other genes

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6
Q

The Book of Life Genetic Terminology

Volume 1&2

Chapters

Pages

Words

Letters

Spelling Mistakes

A

Volume 1&2
Genomes

Chapters
Chromosomes

Pages
Genes

Words
Triplet Code

Letters
ATCG

Spelling Mistakes
Genetci Variant

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7
Q

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of all body cells except for ___ which have no nucleus and therefore do not contain chromosomes

However, abnother place DNA can be found is the ____ (the energy centres of the cell) found scattered outside the nucleus. It is much smaller and has very little ____ DNA

A

Red blood cells

Mitochondria
Non-coding

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8
Q

In ____ chromosomes, long stretches of ___nm chromatin loop out from extended scaffolds

In ____ chromosomes, the scaffold is folded further into highly compacted structure

A

Interphase
30 nm

Metaphase

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9
Q

Chromosomes:

____ chromosomes are highly condensed structures composed of DNA and Protein, only visible during ____ or ____

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes

Mitosis
Meiosis

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10
Q

Shows all the chromosomes in a human being

These chromosomes are stained with special dyes to produce distinctive banding patterns and lined up in size order Chromosome number 1 being the ____ and Chromosome number 22 being the ___

These numbered chromosomes are called ____

The chromosomes labelled either X or Y are the ___ which determine if the chromosomes come from a male or female

A

karyotype

Largest
Smallest

Autosomes

Sex Chromosomes

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11
Q

Each of the beads on a string is called a ____, thousands of which make up each chromosome

These are found in relative locations called ____ in eukaryotic chromosomes

A

gene

Loci

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12
Q

True or False: The copies of the chromosome make up half of one gene, thus if one part broke, the rest would follow.

A

False. each one holds its own copy of a gene except sex chromosomes

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13
Q

True or False: Both X Chromosomes need to be activated in a woman.

A

False, only one X chromosome is activated. In males, a Y chromosome only has few genes

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14
Q

There are over ____ genes found in the DNA of each person.

The genes on a chromosome and the non-coding DNA make up the ___

A chromosome consists of two DNA chains running in opposite directions. The ___ form the rungs of a ladder and the ladder is twisted to form a ____.

A

20 000

Genome

bases
double helix

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15
Q

Roughly ___ of these base pairs of DNA make up the human genome

Each ____ tells the cell to produce a particular ____, the building blocks of proteins. the sequence helps produce them in the correct order

Only ___ of the entire DNA in the human cell is made up of genes that contain the information codes for making proteins

The rest of the DNA used to be called ___ as they do not contain info for proteins. They separate genes from each other in chromosomes and are likely to have a role in turning genes on and off. Thus, having control in the function within a genome.

A

3 billion

triplet
amino acid

1%

Junk DNA

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16
Q

Adenine pairs with ____

Guanine pairs with ____

A

Thymine

Cytosine

17
Q

Nucleotide bases goes missing ____

Nucleotide bases are added ____

A

Deletion

Insertion

18
Q

DNA variations can occur during our life due to reasons including (4)

The most common causes of genetic variation is ____

A

radiation

chemicals

Chance

Other unknown Factors

Aging

19
Q

Gene variations that do not have any impact on our health are called ____ or ____

Gene variations that makes it faulty is called a _____ or ____. This is why having two copies of a gene is important.

A

Neutral variants
Polymorphisms

Pahtogenic variant
Mutation

20
Q

When a new gene variation arises in an egg or sperm cell this is called a ____

The person arising from that egg or sperm will be the first in their family to have that DNA change

A

de novo change

21
Q

During the ____ portion of the eukaryotic cell cycle, chromosomes de-condense to ___ a less organized form of protein-associated DNA in the nucleus

A

Interphase

Chromatin

22
Q

In bacterial ____ it was first revealed that a bacterial chromosome was just a small closed, naked ____ DNA double helix

A

gene mapping

circular

23
Q

____ is the gatekeeper of gene activity, very different from its counterpart

A

Eukaryotic chromatin

24
Q

Two types of Chromatin

More dispersed, less condensed, associated with fewer proteins

More condensed, associated with more proteins. The ___ is a special case of it.

A

Euchromatin

Heterochromatin
Nucleolus

25
Q

Chemical modifications of chromatin proteins & DNA (3)

Active genes tend to be in the more dispersed ____ where enzymes of ___ and ____ have easier access to the DNA

_____ are _____, obscured by additional chromatin proteins present in ____

A

Methylation
Phosphorylation
Acetylation

Euchromatin
Replication
Transcription

Transcriptionally inactive genes
Heterochromatic
Heterochromatin

26
Q

Major proteins of chromatin are the ___ which contain a high proportion of basic amino acids like ____ and ___

They bind to the ____ charged DNA molecule

A

Histones

Arginine
Lysine

Negatively charged

27
Q

The five major types of Histones are (5)

Their mass is approximately equal to that of cell’s DNA but they are not found in ____

they can be found in ____ which pack DNAs similar to the structures of eukaryotic chromatin

A

H1
H2A
H2B
H3
H4

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

28
Q

Three levels of chromatin organization (3)

  1. DNA ____ bp segment of DNA wrapped around histone proteins (____ basic structural unit of chromatin) like beads on a string
  2. Multiple ____ coiled into ___nm fiber(____) structures

Higher-order packing of the ___nm fiber to form the familiar ____

A

146 bp
Nulceosomes

Nucleosomes
30nm
Solenoid

30nm
Metaphase chromosome

Cell and Molecular Biology (19 decks)

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