Module 1.1 Introduction Flashcards
Both animal and plant cells are classified as ____ cells, whereas bacterial cells are classified as ____.
eukaryotic
prokaryotic
protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within.
epithelial cells
a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses.
Called PROTISTS, ANIMALCULES
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
publication called ____, experimental scientist ___ COINED THE TERM CELL for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.
Micrographia
Robert Hooke
botanist ____ and zoologist ____were studying
tissues and proposed the unified cell theory.
____ later made important contributions to this theory
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Original Cell Theory by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
All living things are composed of ONE or MORE CELLS
The CELL is BASIC UNIT of life
New cells arise from EXISTING CELLS
Cell theory 6
- The cell is the FUNDAMENTAL UNIT of structure and function in living things.
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are FROM OTHER CELLS through cellular division.
Expanded version
- Cells CARRY GENETIC MATERIAL passed to daughter cells during cellular division
- All cells have the SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- ENERGY FLOW (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells
prokaryotic cells are found in organisms of the domains ____,
____all consist of eukaryotic cells, making them eukaryotes.
Bacteria and Archaea
protists, fungi, animals, and plants
Eukaryotes main differences to prokaryotes
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
No Cell wall
Parts in animal cells that aren’t found in plant cells
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Cilia
Flagella
What plant cells have that animals dont (3)
Cell walls
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
The three important
parameters in Light Microscopes (3)
Magnification
Resolution
Contrast
- : Light passes directly through the specimen. Unless the cell is naturally pigmented or artificially stained, the image has little contrast
- : Light also passes directly through the sample but staining with various dyes enhances contrast. (NOTE: Most staining procedures require cells to be
fixed or preserved) - : Variations in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast
in unstained cells, which is useful for examining unpigmented , living cells. - : Optical modifications are used to exaggerate differences in density, making the image appear almost 3-D as in *prev answer
microscopy. - : Locations of specific molecules in the cell can be revealed by labelling the
molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies, yet for some cells have molecules that
fluoresce on their own. Fluorescent substances absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit visible
light. - : Using a laser, this “optical sectioning” technique eliminates out of focus light from
a thick sample, creating a single plane of fluorescence in the image. By capturing sharp
images at many different planes, a 3-D reconstruction can be created. - : Using software, blurry images of reconstructed cell from
many different planes was processed. This process digitally removes out-of-focus light and
reassigns it to its source, creating a much sharper 3-D image. - : Sophisticated equipment is used to light up individual fluorescent
molecules and record their position. Combining information from many molecules in
different places “breaks” the limit of resolution, increasing the sharpness of the image
Brightfield(unstained specimen)
Brightfield (stained specimen)
Phase-contrast
Differential-interference-contrast(NOMARSKI)
Fluorescence
Confocal
Deconvolution
Super-resolution
Two Types of Electron Microscopy:
useful for a detailed study of the topography of a specimen. Excites electrons on the surface
used to study the internal structure of cells.Electron beam through a small part.
Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)
Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)
The process takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another. The instrument used is the centrifuge
Cell Fractionation
