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Cell and Molecular Biology > Module 2 Biochemistry of the cell > Flashcards

Module 2 Biochemistry of the cell Flashcards

1
Q

emphasized that for life to
exist at all , the environment must first be suitable and that leads to water

A

Richard Henderson

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2
Q

Water has four emergent properties which are stated below:

A
  1. Cohesion and Adhesion of Water Molecules
  2. Moderation of Temperature by Water.
  3. Evaporative Cooling of Water
  4. Water as the Solvent of Life
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3
Q

Water molecules stay close to each other as a result of ___ and these bonds that hold the water together, is a phenomenon called ____.

contributes to the
transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

A

hydrogen bonding

cohesion

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4
Q

the clinging of one substance to another

This ____ of water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds helps counter the downward pull of gravity.

A

adhesion

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5
Q

Water moderates air temperature by

A

absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the
stored heat to air that is cooler

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6
Q

This property of water also helps warm the air when it is nighttime and tends to stabilize the ocean temperature

A

heat must be absorbed in order to break hydrogen bonds

heat is released when hydrogen bonds formed

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7
Q

contributes to the stability of temperature in lakes and ponds

also provides a mechanism that prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating

helps keep the tissue in the leaves from becoming too warm in the sunlight

A

Evaporative cooling of water

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8
Q

The solvent is then involved in the dissolving of ions which contributes to processes happening in the body such as the formation of the ___

A

hydration shell

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9
Q

Biomolecules (4)

A

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

macromolecules that exist as polymers

They store, transmit, and help express hereditary
information.

A

Nucleic acids

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11
Q

A nucleotide is composed of three parts:

A

a nitrogenous base

a five-carbon sugar

one or more phosphate groups

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12
Q

In a polynucleotide, each ___ has only one ____.

The portion of the nucleotide without any phosphate groups is called a ____.

A

monomer

phosphate group

nucleoside

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13
Q

two families of nitrogenous bases:

has one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

larger, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.

A

Pyrimidine

Purines

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14
Q

Pyrimidine (3)

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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15
Q

Purines (2)

A

adenine, and guanine

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16
Q

found in both DNA and RNA (3)

____ is only found in DNA and ____ only in RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

Thymine
Uracil

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17
Q

Pairings

Adenine =

Guanine =

A

Thymine, Uracil

Cytosine

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18
Q

The two ____ run in arrangement called “antiparallel”

A

sugar phosphate backbones

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19
Q

a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides (polymers of amino acids)

A

protein

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20
Q

Shapes of protein (2)

A

Globular Proteins

Fibrous Proteins

21
Q

Folding of proteins are done by ____

A

chaperonins

22
Q

when proteins are transferred from an aqueous environment to a ____, it unravels and loses its native shape by a process called denaturation.

A

non-polar solvent

23
Q

It is a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence

Structure from inherited genetic information.

A

Primary Structure

24
Q

This is collectively referred to as ____ which are the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

A

coils and folds

25
Q

Secondary structure:

a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.

two or more strands of the polyopeptide chain lying side by side (called b strands) are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones.

A

a- helix

b pleated sheet

26
Q

It is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids.

A

Tertiary structure:

27
Q

Tertiary structure interactions:

caused by the exclusion of nonpolar substances by the water molecules

A

Hydrophobic interaction

28
Q

Tertiary structure interactions:

Hydrogen and ionic bonds:

Hydrogen bonds are between ___ and ionic bonds are between ___

A

polar side chains

positively and negatively charged side chains

29
Q

Tertiary structure interactions:

These further reinforce the shape of a protein. ___ bridges are formed when two ____ have ____on their side
chains which are brought closer together by the folding of protein.

A

Disulfide

cysteine monomers

sulfhydryl groups (-SH)

30
Q

It is the overall protein structure that results from the
aggregation of these polypeptide subunits, the a and b subunits.

A

Quaternary structure

31
Q

Proteins function as: (8)

A

enzymes

storage of amino acids

coordinator of an organism’s activities

motor proteins for movement

protection against disease

transport of substances

response of cell to a chemical stimuli

support

32
Q

Proteins function as:

enzymes , selectively accelerating chemical reactions, such as ___ on hydrolyzing bonds inn food molecules.

storage of amino acids, such as the ____, protein of egg white serve as storage of amino acid for the developing embryo.

coordinator of an organism’s activities such as ____regulating blood sugar concentration.

motor proteins for movement such as ____ for the contraction of muscles.

protection against disease such as ____ inactivating bacteria and viruses.

transport of substances, such as ____ transporting oxygen.

response of cell to a chemical stimuli

support such as ____ providing a fibrous framework in connective
tissues.

A

digestive enzymes

ovalbumin

insulin

actin and myosin

antibodies

hemoglobin

collagen and elastin

33
Q

one class of biomolecules that does not include true polymers, and they are generally not big enough to be considered as macromolecules.

major function is energy storage

also cushion such vital organs as the kidneys

A

Lipids

34
Q

three types of lipids

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids.

35
Q

A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules:

A

glycerol and
fatty acids

36
Q

___ is an alcohol; each of its three carbons bear a hydroxyl group

____ has a long carbon skeleton, having a carbon at one end which is a part of the carboxyl group.

A

Glycerol

A fatty acid

37
Q

Fatty acids are hydrophobic(away from water) due to the nonpolar ____.

A

C-H bonds

38
Q

: These are formed if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton.

They lack double bonds, and their flexibility allows the fat molecules to pack together tightly.

A

Saturated fatty acid

39
Q

It has one or more double bonds , with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon. Its double bonds are cis which has kinks to prevent the molecules from packing together closely enough to solidify at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

40
Q

Cells could not exist without ____, since they are essential on making up the cell membranes

function as a boundary between the cell and its
external environment

A

phospholipids

41
Q

A phospholipid is similar to a fat molecule but

A

has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three

42
Q

Parts of phospholipids (2)

A

Hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic)

Hydrophilic head
(affinity of water)

43
Q

When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into double-layered structures called ___

A

bilayers

44
Q

These are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A

Steroids

45
Q

a crucial molecule in animals since it is a component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized, such as the sex hormones

A

Cholesterol

46
Q

Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars.

Simplest forms of Carbohydrates

Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

A

monosaccharides, or simple sugars

Disaccharides

polysaccharides

47
Q

Monosaccharides are simple sugars which generally have formulas that are some
multiple of the unit ____

the most common monosaccharide ____, is of
central importance in the chemistry of life

Monosaccharides, are major nutrients for cells

A

CH2O

Glucose (C6H12O6)

48
Q

Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed by a ____.

Common types of disaccharides in food (2)

Plants also transports cards from leaves to roots as ___

A

dehydration reaction

Maltose, Lactose

Sucrose

49
Q

Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers with a few thousand monosaccharides joined by linkages.

Some polysaccharides serve a storage material, ____ as needed to provide sugar for cells, or even used as a building material.

Plants store ___, a
polymer of glucose monomers, within the _____. enabling the plant to stockpile surplus glucose, and represents as a stored energy.

While animals store____mainly in liver and this is released when the demand for
sugar is high, serving as a fuel.

organisms build strong materials from it such as the ____ which is the major
component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Another structural
polysaccharide is ____ where it is used by arthropods for their exoskeleton (hard case
protecting the soft parts of the body).

A

hydrolyzed

starch
plastids

glycogen

cellulose

chitin

Cell and Molecular Biology (19 decks)

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