Module 4

Question 1

The Cell theory states what 3 things?

Answer 1

All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Cells arise from existing cells.

Question 2

Cytology

Answer 2

The study of cells

Question 3

Ingestion

Answer 3

The ability to take in nutrients; this includes absorption, which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into the cell

Question 4

Digestion

Answer 4

The ability to break food or nutrients down into simpler forms (by hydrolysis or with the help of enzymes) so it can be utilized

Question 5

Respiration

Answer 5

The ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules

Question 6

Transport

Answer 6

The ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another

Question 7

Homeostasis

Answer 7

The ability to maintain internal stability (also known as regulation)

Question 8

Synthesis

Answer 8

The ability to combine simple compounds into complex molecules (same as biosynthesis discussed in Module 2)

Question 9

Secretion

Answer 9

The ability to release biosynthesized substances

Question 10

Excretion

Answer 10

The ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell

Question 11

Egestion

Answer 11

The ability to remove nonsoluble, undigested waste from the cell

Question 12

Irritability

Answer 12

The ability to respond to stimuli

Question 13

Movement

Answer 13

The ability to move

Question 14

Reproduction

Answer 14

The ability to produce more cells

Question 15

Organelle

Answer 15

A tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive

Question 16

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 16

A cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

Question 17

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 17

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

Question 18

Plasma membrane

Answer 18

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings

Question 19

Cytoplasm

Answer 19

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Question 20

Cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 20

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s content

Question 21

Ribosomes

Answer 21

Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Question 22

Middle lamella

Answer 22

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

Question 23

Nuclear membrane

Answer 23

A highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Question 24

Chromatin

Answer 24

Long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of a cell

Question 25

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell

Question 26

Rough ER

Answer 26

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Question 27

Smooth ER

Answer 27

ER that has no ribosomes

Question 28

Golgi apparatus

Answer 28

The organelles where proteins and lipic are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell

Question 29

Vacuole

Answer 29

Larger membrane-bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste

Question 30

Vesicle

Answer 30

Smaller membrane-bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion

Question 31

Secretory vesicle

Answer 31

Vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion

Question 32

Central vacuole

Answer 32

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled water

Question 33

Lysosome

Answer 33

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids

Question 34

Peroxisome

Answer 34

A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

Question 35

Mitochondria

Answer 35

Double-membrane-bound organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy

Question 36

Plastids

Answer 36

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food

Question 37

Chloroplasts

Answer 37

Plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis

Question 38

Chromoplasts

Answer 38

Plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis

Question 39

Leucoplasts

Answer 39

Nonpigmented plastids that store starches or oils

Question 40

Cytoskeleton

Answer 40

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Question 41

Microfilaments

Answer 41

Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton

Question 42

Intermediate filaments

Answer 42

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

Question 43

Microtubules

Answer 43

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

Question 44

Centrioles

Answer 44

Paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organize fibers required for cell division; found in animal cells

Question 45

Centrosome

Answer 45

A small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains the two centrioles

Question 46

Semipermeable membrane

Answer 46

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

Question 47

Passive transport

Answer 47

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input

Question 48

Active transport

Answer 48

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input

Question 49

Concentration

Answer 49

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

Question 50

Concentration gradient

Answer 50

The difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of a plasma membrane

Question 51

Diffusion

Answer 51

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (with a concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium)

Question 52

Osmosis

Answer 52

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration)

Question 53

Hypotonic solution

Answer 53

A solution that has a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution

Question 54

Hypertonic solution

Answer 54

A solution that has a high solute concentration (and so a low water concentration) relative to another solution

Question 55

Isotonic solution

Answer 55

A solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution

Question 56

Plasmolysis

Answer 56

Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

Question 57

Cytolysis

Answer 57

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

Question 58

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 58

The movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels from high concentration to low concentration

Question 59

Endocytosis

Answer 59

The process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicles forming from the cell membrane

Question 60

Exocytosis

Answer 60

The process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane

Question 61

Phagocytosis

Answer 61

The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells

Question 62

Pinocytosis

Answer 62

The endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolved particles