Module 4 Renal Homework Chapter 25

Question 1

What is fluid balance?

Answer 1

Maintaining the necessary amount of fluid in the body’s compartments for proper function, balancing intake and output.

Question 2

Define electrolyte.

Answer 2

A substance that forms electrically charged ions when dissolved in water or body fluids, crucial for various bodily processes.

Question 3

What is an acid?

Answer 3

A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Question 4

What is a base?

Answer 4

A substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH−) or accepts hydrogen ions (H+).

Question 5

What is the principle of mass balance?

Answer 5

The total amount of a substance remains constant if intake equals output; if intake exceeds output, the amount increases; if intake is less than output, the amount decreases.

Question 6

What are the major fluid compartments in the body?

Answer 6

• Intracellular compartment
• Extracellular compartment

Question 7

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Answer 7

The fluid outside of cells, including interstitial fluid and plasma.

Question 8

What is obligatory water loss?

Answer 8

The minimum amount of water the body must excrete daily to eliminate waste products.

Question 9

What is dehydration?

Answer 9

A condition where the body loses more fluid than it takes in.

Question 10

What is overhydration?

Answer 10

A condition where the body has an excess amount of water.

Question 11

What are osmoreceptors?

Answer 11

Sensory receptors that detect changes in osmotic pressure in body fluids, primarily in the hypothalamus.

Question 12

What is the role of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?

Answer 12

It tells the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output.

Question 13

What is hypernatremia?

Answer 13

Abnormally high sodium level in the blood.

Question 14

What is hyponatremia?

Answer 14

Abnormally low sodium level in the blood.

Question 15

What is hyperkalemia?

Answer 15

Abnormally high potassium level in the blood.

Question 16

What is hypokalemia?

Answer 16

Abnormally low potassium level in the blood.

Question 17

What is hypercalcemia?

Answer 17

Abnormally high calcium level in the blood.

Question 18

What is hypocalcemia?

Answer 18

Abnormally low calcium level in the blood.

Question 19

Why is maintaining electrolyte balance important?

Answer 19

Essential for nerve/muscle function, hydration, and pH balance.

Question 20

What is the primary organ involved in regulating electrolyte levels?

Answer 20

The kidneys.

Question 21

What is the most important hormone for fluid balance?

Answer 21

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone).

Question 22

What happens during acidosis?

Answer 22

Blood pH falls below the normal range (typically < 7.35).

Question 23

What happens during alkalosis?

Answer 23

Blood pH rises above the normal range (typically > 7.45).

Question 24

What are buffer systems?

Answer 24

Chemical systems in the body that help prevent large changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions.

Question 25

What is the relationship of PCO2 and bicarbonate ions to blood pH?

Answer 25

PCO2 and bicarbonate ions affect blood pH through their roles in buffering and respiratory regulation.

Question 26

What is the role of the respiratory system in regulating blood pH?

Answer 26

It helps control the levels of carbon dioxide, which influences the acidity of blood.

Question 27

What is hyperkalemia potentially dangerous?

Answer 27

High potassium levels can disrupt the heart's electrical activity, potentially causing life-threatening arrhythmias.

Question 28

What important roles do magnesium ions play in the human body?

Answer 28

* Vital for over 300 biochemical reactions * Crucial for nerve and muscle function * Maintaining a steady heartbeat * Bone health * Energy production * Regulating blood glucose and blood pressure

Question 29

What are the two main organ systems that regulate acid-base balance?

Answer 29

The respiratory system (lungs) and the renal system (kidneys).

Question 30

What is the primary function of buffer systems in acid-base homeostasis?

Answer 30

To minimize changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

Question 31

What is the major source of metabolic acids in the body, and what is its origin?

Answer 31

The major sources of metabolic (fixed) acids are the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and phosphorus-containing compounds from protein breakdown, and the production of lactic acid during anaerobic metabolism.

Question 32

What happens when an acid is added to a solution buffered with bicarbonate ions?

Answer 32

The bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) react with the H⁺ to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), minimizing the change in pH.

Question 33

What are the main differences between respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis?

Answer 33

Respiratory acidosis: Caused by too much carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood due to breathing problems. Metabolic acidosis: Caused by too much non-CO₂ acid in the blood or too little bicarbonate, not primarily due to breathing issues.

Question 34

What do the terms 'hypotonic' and 'hypertonic' mean?

Answer 34

Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than another solution (water enters the cell). Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than another solution (water leaves the cell).

Question 35

What are the most common electrolytes in the human body?

Answer 35

Common electrolytes include: * Sodium * Potassium * Chloride * Magnesium * Calcium * Phosphate * Bicarbonate

Question 36

What does the term 'electrolyte' mean?

Answer 36

Electrolytes are minerals with an electric charge when dissolved in body fluids, important for various functions.

Question 37

What are acids, bases, and buffers?

Answer 37

Acids increase hydrogen ions (H+). Bases increase hydroxide ions (OH−) or accept H+. Buffers resist pH changes by absorbing or releasing H+ or OH−.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The primary function of _______ in acid-base homeostasis is to minimize changes in pH.

Answer 38

[buffer systems]