Module 5.3 Cell Organelles Flashcards
1
Q
What is the first principle of Cell Theory?
A
All living organisms are made of 1 or more cells
2
Q
What is the smallest unit of life according to Cell Theory?
A
The cell
3
Q
Cells come from _______.
A
pre-existing cells
4
Q
All cells have
A
- Plasma membrane
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Cytosol/cytoplasm
5
Q
Plasma membranes are
A
strong, flexible and semi-permeable
6
Q
DNA is a coded
A
“instruction book” for the cell
7
Q
Ribosomes are
A
small structures used by the cell for making proteins
8
Q
Cytosol/cytoplasm is the
A
fluid inside the cell
9
Q
All life can be divided into 2 main categories
A
*Prokaryotes
*Eukaryotes
10
Q
Prokaryotes have no
A
nucleus
11
Q
What are Prokaryotes?
A
Single-celled bacteria without membrane-bound organelles
12
Q
Prokaryotes have
A
Plasma membrane, cell wall, some have capsule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and dna
13
Q
Many Prokaryotes also have
A
pili (hairs on the surface)
14
Q
Ribosomes are the site of
A
protein synthesis. Where protein is made
15
Q
Cytosol or cytoplasm contains
A
water, biomolecules, ions, and other substances
16
Q
What is the shape of Prokaryotic DNA?
A
Usually circular, called loop of DNA
17
Q
Prokaryotes DNA is located in the
A
center of the cell in the nucleoid area
18
Q
Prokaryotes DNA is usually
A
smaller than eukaryotes
19
Q
Eukaryotes have _______.
A
membrane-bound organelles
20
Q
Eukaryotes have the following characteristics like all cells
A
- plasma membrane
- cell wall (for plants and fungi)
- ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- cytosol or cytoplasm
- DNA
21
Q
How is Eukaryotes DNA arranged
A
Linear arranged in chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell
22
Q
What is the main difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells in terms of size?
A
Prokaryotes are usually smaller than Eukaryotes
23
Q
List the four kingdoms of Eukaryotes.
A
- Protists
- Fungi
- Plants
- Animals
24
Q
Protists are
A
single-celled, water-dwelling
25
What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
Cell walls, chloroplasts, and one large central vacuole
26
Cell walls are made of
polysaccharide cellulose
27
Plant cell walls make plant cells
rigid
28
Chloroplasts are
green organelles for photosynthesis (energy)
29
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis
30
Plant central vacuole is a
water-filled sac inside the cell
31
What is the central vacuole's role in plant cells?
Often stores nutrients and waste
32
Usually the largest organelle in the eukaryotic cell
nucleus
33
The nucleus organelle contains the
DNA necessary for the cell to be alive, RNA, and proteins
34
The nuclear envelope protects the
DNA from DNAse enzymes in the cytosol that destroy DNA
35
What protects the DNA in the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope
36
How thick is the nuclear envelope?
It's 2 phospholipid bilayers thick
37
Why is the nuclear envelope so thick?
Double the membrane for extra protection
38
What are pores in the nuclear envelope used for?
Allow molecules to enter and leave the nucleus
39
What controls what enters and leaves the nucleus?
256 polypeptides
40
The nucleolus is 1 or more
region in the nucleus that is usually stained darker than the rest
41
What is the role of the nucleolus?
Involved in processing RNA and making ribosomes
42
The nucleolus does not have a
membrane
43
What are all part of the endomembrane system?
- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- Golgi apparatus/Golgi body
- Transport vesicles
44
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) contains
enzymes of many metabolic processes.
45
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) synthesizes
Lipids such as phospholipids
46
In ovaries and testes, Smooth ER
makes sex hormones
47
In liver, Smooth ER
detoxifying enzymes to remove alcohol, etc, from the body
48
In muscle cells, Smooth ER
stores calcium ions
49
Rough ER contains
ribosomes
50
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
Site of protein synthesis
51
Rough ER is contiguous/wrapped around the
nuclear envelope
52
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body is a
series of flattened membranes looking a little like a cut onion
53
The Golgi apparatus acts as
“receiving and shipping department” for the cell
54
The Golgi apparatus receives, process and adds what?
receives newly made proteins, processes new proteins, & adds “zip codes” to direct proteins to correct organelle
55
What is the function of transport vesicles?
Carry proteins and other substances to and from the Golgi
56
Step 1 of the Protein Processing Pathway involves proteins being made on _______.
ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope and rough ER
57
Step 2 of the Protein Processing Pathway involves new proteins passing
into the middle of the rough ER and pinched off in vesicles
58
Step 3 of the Protein Processing Pathway involves
Vesicles with their cargo of proteins travel to the Golgi, where the proteins are processed
Mature proteins are pinched off into new vesicles
59
Step 4 of the Protein Processing Pathway involves
these vesicles either fuse with the plasma membrane to deliver the proteins to the rest of the body or get shipped to other organelles
60
Lysomes is a
vesicle, filled with digestive enzymes
61
Different lysosomes have different functions like
Protists engulf food in vacuole.
White blood cells engulf invading bacteria
It's always about breaking down
62
What do lysosomes contain?
Digestive enzymes
63
Lysosomes recycle
worn out organelles, releasing nutrients into cell
64
What disease is associated with not having enough lysosomes or them not working properly?
Tay-Sachs disease. The lysosomes don’t break down a brain lipid so brain cells accumulate this lipid and don’t function well
65
What is the powerhouse of the cell and what does it produce?
mitochondria, it produces most of the cell’s energy as ATP
66
What is the main function of mitochondria?
Produce most of the cell's energy as ATP
67
Mitochondria structural features
* Outer membrane
* Inner membrane
* Matrix
68
The Mitochondria outer membrane is
relatively smooth and surrounds the mitochondria
69
The Mitochondria inner membrane is
Very convoluted, with folds called cristae
70
The Mitochondria matrix is
Fluid-filled center, like “cytosol” of the mitochondria
71
The Mitochondria matrix contains
circular DNA (its own DNA) and ribosomes
72
What is unique about mitochondrial DNA?
Inherited only from the mother
73
Mitochondrial DNA is often used in
DNA fingerprinting and determining haplotypes—our ancestors
74
Ribosomes are the cell’s
protein factories
75
What are ribosomes made of?
Large and small subunits of protein and rRNA
76
Ribosomes are found on
* Rough ER
* Free in the cytoplasm
77
Cytoskeleton is another organelle that is the
"skeleton of the cell"
78
Cytoskeleton is a network of
protein fibers (Microtubules , Microfilaments, and Intermediate filaments)
79
What is the cytoskeleton's function?
* Maintain shape of the cell
* Allow movement of the cell
* “Roadways” to transport vesicles and organelles around the cell.
* Anchor and stabilize organelles so nucleus remains in middle of the cell usually
80
Cilia and Flagella are
extensions of the plasma membrane made of microtubules in a circle
81
What are cilia?
Hair-like projections that bend in unison
82
Specialized tissues in many multi-celled animals stay stationary and use cilia to
beat to move liquids
83
Flagella are
long whip-like projections from cells usually used for movement
84
Flagella are used primarily for _______.
movement
85
Microvilli are
Small projections from surface of some cells made by infolding of plasma membrane
86
What are microvilli used for?
Increase surface area of the cell for absorption of water and nutrients
87
Microvilli are found in
kidney and cells of digestive tract
88
What are centrosomes made of?
Two centrioles made of microtubules
89
Centrosomes are found in
animal cells only
90
Centrosomes are used to _______.
separate chromosomes during mitosis
