Module 7.2 Transcription & Translation Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are traits?
Genetically determined characteristics in each organism such as hair color or flower color.
How are traits determined?
By proteins in each organism.
What are proteins?
One of the 4 classes of biomolecules.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids assembled by dehydration reactions.
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The 3D shape of a protein when folded.
What roles do proteins perform in the cell?
- Enzymes to catalyze reactions
- Transport proteins such as hemoglobin
- Structural roles like the cytoskeleton.
What analogy is used to describe the DNA of an organism?
Like a cookbook where each gene is like a recipe.
What is the sequence of amino acids in a protein determined by?
The sequence of DNA bases in the genes.
What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
- DNA: Double helix, A, T, C, G, deoxyribose, very long
- RNA: Single strand, A, U, C, G, ribose, much shorter.
What does mRNA stand for?
Messenger RNA.
What is the function of rRNA?
Makes up the structure of ribosomes along with proteins.
What does tRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA.
What are the two important regions of tRNA?
- End where a specific amino acid binds
- End with 3 bases called the anti-codon.
What is transcription?
The process of making RNA from a gene’s DNA.
What enzyme is used in transcription?
RNA polymerase.
What is a promoter?
A short segment of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.
What is the new mRNA called after transcription?
Transcript.
What is translation?
Making a protein using the coded sequence of bases on the mRNA.
Where does translation take place?
On the ribosomes in the rough ER or cytoplasm.
What is the first step of translation?
Initiation, where the small subunit binds to the 5’ end of mRNA.
What happens during the elongation step of translation?
tRNA enters the A site, and amino acids bind together to form a protein.
What occurs during the termination of translation?
The complex falls apart when a stop codon is reached, and the new protein is released.
What does the genetic code table show?
Which 3 bases on the mRNA code for what amino acid.
What amino acid is coded by GGU?
Glycine (GLY).
