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Psychology > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Development

A

Growth/changes in body and brain, senses, motor skills, health and wellness

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2
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, creativity

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3
Q

Psychological Development

A

Emotions, personality, social relationships

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4
Q

Normative Approach

A

Study that asks what normal development is

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5
Q

What are developmental milestones?

A

Guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine approximate age they should reach normative events

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6
Q

What 2 categories do developmental milestones fall under?

A

universal and cultural

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7
Q

Continuous Development

A

Development is a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

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8
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

Takes place in unique stages and changes are more sudden

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9
Q

Who came up with the psychosexual theory of development

A

Sigmund Freud

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10
Q

What exactly did Sigmund Freud believe about personality development?

A

Personality develops during early childhood and is discontinuous

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11
Q

According to the psychosexual theory of development, what are the 5 stages of childrens pleasure?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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12
Q

Who came up with eh psychosocial theory of development

A

Erik Erikson

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13
Q

What does the Psychosocial theory of development state?

A

It emphasizes social nature of development rather than sexual nature saying that personality develops through lifespan

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14
Q

According to the Psychosocial theory of development, how many stages of development are there and what is each stage representing?

A

8; conflict needing to be resolved with successful completion giving a sense of competence

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15
Q

Infancy stage of development according to Erikson

A

Trust vs. mistrust; responsive caregivers give a sense of trust

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16
Q

Toddler stage of development according to Erikson

A

Autonomy vs. shame; work to establish independence

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17
Q

Preschool stage of development according to Erikson

A

Initiative vs. guilt; learn to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others

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18
Q

elementary stage of development according to Erikson

A

Industry vs Inferiority; Comparing themselves to peers

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19
Q

Adolescence stage of development according to Erikson

A

Identity vs role confusion; developing a sense of ones self

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20
Q

Early adulthood stage of development according to Erikson

A

intimacy vs isolation; must have strong sense of self before developing relationship

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21
Q

Middle Adulthood stage of development according to Erikson

A

Generativity vs stagnation; finding life’s work contributing to development of others or connecting to others very little

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22
Q

Late Adulthood stage of development according to Erikson

A

Integrity vs. Despair; Reflect on life and feel sense of satisfaction or failure

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23
Q

What did Jean Piaget focus on and how it develops?

A

Cognitive growth; Cognitive abilities develop through specific stages as we progress to new stages there are distinct shifts in thinking

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24
Q

What is schemata?

A

Concepts used to help categorize/interpret info

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25
Define assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation: take in info comparable to what they already know Accommodation: change schemata based on new info
26
According to the cognitive theory of development, what is the sensorimotor stage?
At the age of 0-2, when the world is experienced through sense and actions
27
According to the cognitive theory of development, what is the preoperational stage of development?
From the age of 2 to age 6 when words and images are used to represent things although lacking logical reasoning
28
What is the concrete operational stage according to the congitive theory of development?
From age 7-11 when one can understand concrete events/analogies logically and perform arithmetical operations
29
What is the formal operational stage of development according to the cognitive theory of development?
From the age of 12 on when abstract reasoning is able to be used along with formal operations
30
What are decisions based on according to the cognitive theory of development?
situations and circumstances
31
Who developed the theory of Moral Development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
32
What is the theory of moral development?
It is an extension to Piagets Cognitive theory of development; it states that moral development follows a series of stages
33
What is preconventional morality and what 2 stages does it include in moral development?
The focus is on the individual consequences in determining right and wrong Stage one: obedience and punishment Stage 2: individual interest
34
What 2 stages does conventional morality include?
Characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong Stage 3: Interpersonal (socially driven behavior) Stage 4: Authority
35
What 2 stages does post-conventional morality include?
The individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society Stage 5: Social contract Stage 6: Universal Ethics
36
Describe the Germinal Stage of development
Conception: when the sperm fertilize an egg and forms a zygote Zygote: Begins as one-cell structure created when sperm and egg merge; this is when the genetic makeup of a baby is set Mitosis then occurs which is during the first week of conception when the zygote divides and multiplies
37
How long is the embryonic stage of prenatal development?
3-8 weeks
38
What does the zygote do at the start of the embryonic stage?
It has 150 cells and travels down Fallopian tubes and implants itself into the lining in the uterus forming the embryo
39
What is the placenta?
The structure connected to the uterus providing nourishment/oxygen from mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
40
What begins to develop during the embryonic stage?
The heart begins to beat and organs begin forming and functioning as well as neural tubes developing forming the spinal cord and the brain
41
What is the organism technically called at 9 weeks old and what is its size
Fetus; its the size of a kidney bean and takes on the form of a human as the tail begins to disappear
42
How long is the fetal stage?
31 weeks; going from week 9 to week 40 of prenatal development
43
What develops at 16 weeks?
Fingers and toes are developed and fingerprints are visible
44
What is developed at 24 weeks and what has formed?
Hearing has developed along with lungs, heart, stomach, and the intestines
45
What is significant about about a fetus at 24 weeks?
If born, it can survive outside the womb
46
Define teratogen
An environmental agent- biological, chemical, or physical- causing damage to developing embryo/fetus
47
What can alcohol consumption during pregnancy lead to?
mental retardation or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders- even worse would be FASD which is a collection of birth defects due to heavy alcohol consumption
48
What are the characteristics of a baby born with FASD?
Smaller head, abnormal facial feature along with poor judgement, impulse control, learning issues, etc
49
What does smoking during pregnancy cause?
reduction in blood oxygen levels of a baby and premature, stllbirth, or sudden infant death syndrome
50
What does doing drugs during pregnancy cause?
Babies born with heroin addiction need to heroin like an adult addict and need to be weened off to avoid seizures
51
What is the average weight of a newborn?
7.5 pounds
52
What is the rooting reflex in a baby?
When you stroke a baby's check, the baby will turn their head in that direction and suck
53
What is a newborn's weakest sense?
Sight
54
How many pounds and how many inches do children typically gain in their first 4-6 years of life?
5-7 pounds per year and 2-3 inches per year
55
Do we continue to produce brain cells and grow our nervous system?
We are born with all the brain cells we will ever have but our nervous system continues to grow
56
What is blooming?
During infancy/toddler phase there is rapid neural growth
57
What is pruning?
Neural connection are reduced to improve brain functions and make them more efficient
58
What is the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills?
Fine motor skills are the muscles in our fingers, toes and eyes and enable the coordination of small actions whereas gross motor skills are larger muscle groups in charge of larger movements
59
What was concluded from Harry Harlow's 1950's experiment with monkeys?
Feelings of comfort and security are crucial for maternal to infant bonding
60
What was the theory John Bowlby was known for and what did it state?
The attachment theory which stated that an affectional bond between an infant and its mother forms in order to have normal social/emotional development
61
What is secure base in regards to the attachment theory?
Parental presence that gives a child a sense of safety while exploring surroundings
62
What did Mary Ainsworth discover about parent-child attachments?
There are 4 different types: Secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized
63
Explain a Secure parent-child attachment
Most common and healthiest; the toddler prefers the parent over a stranger; involves sensitive and responsive caregivers
64
Explain an avoidant parent-child attachment
The child is unresponsive to the parent and doesn't use the parent as a secure base; the child will react to the parent in the same way as with a stranger and the caregiver is typically insensitive and inattentive
65
Explain a resistant parent-child attachment
The child has clingy behavior but rejects attachment figure's attempt to interact; there is an inconsistent level of response to the child from the caregiver
66
Explain a disorganized parent-child attachment
Kids who have been abused disrupting ability to regulate emotions
67
Who came up with a theory describing parenting styles?
Diana Baumrind
68
What is the authoritative Style of parenting?
Reasonable demands and consistent limits; warmth and affection; listens to the child
69
What is the authoritarian style of parenting?
Parent places high value on conformity/obedience; stricter, monitor kids, little warmth; create anxious, withdrawn, unhappy kids
70
What is the permissive parenting style?
Kids run the show; there are few demands placed on kids and they are rarely punished; the parent plays a role of a friend; kids tend to lack self-discipline; contributes to risky behavior although they have higher self-esteem and social skills
71
What is the uninvolved parenting style?
Parents are uninvolved and possibly neglectful, they provide basic needs but little else; kids are emotionally withdrawn, fearful, anxious, and have poor grades
72
What is temperament?
Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
73
What is the difference between an easy and a difficult temperament?
An easy temperament is positive, adapts will and can easily regulate emotions whereas a difficult temperament is the complete opposite
74
Adrenarche
Maturing of adrenal glands
75
Gonadarche
Maturing of sex glands
76
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Organs specifically needed for reproduction
77
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Physical signs of sexual maturation not directly involving sex organs
78
Menarche
Experienced in girls; the start of periods
79
Spermarche
Experienced in boys; the first ejaculation
80
What is cognitive empathy?
The ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others; girls have this at age 13 and boys at 15
81
What is considered emerging adulthood?
Age 18- mid 20's when identity is explored and is focused on work and love
82
What is happening to adulthood in developed countries?
It is getting more and more delayed
83
What is Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Social Support and friendships dwindle in number but remain just as close
84
Hospice
help provide a death with dignity and pain management in humane and comfortable environment outside of hospital setting
85
Who was the first hospice in the US and in what year?
Florence Wald in 1974
86
What are the 5 stages of grief?
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Psychology (9 decks)

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