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Psychology > Psych Module 7 > Flashcards

Psych Module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Motivation

A

The needs or wants that direct behavior toward a goal

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2
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic when the motivation arises from internal factors whereas extrinsic motivation comes from external factors

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3
Q

What is the over justification effect?

A

Intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given because a dependence on the extrinsic rewards is created

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4
Q

How do tangible rewards tend to affect intrinsic motivation?

A

Negatively

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5
Q

Who is William James known to be in the US?

A

The father of psychology

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6
Q

According to William James, what is behavior driven by?

A

Driven by instincts which aid survival as well as the maintenance of homeostasis

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7
Q

Explain Drive Theory

A

Deviations from homeostasis create psychological needs which result in a psychological drive state that directs behavior to meet the need and bring the system back to homeostasis

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8
Q

What did Robert Yerkes and John Dodson believe about arousal?

A

Optimal arousal level depends on complexity/difficulty of task to be performed

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9
Q

What was the Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

A simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower

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10
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Individual’s belief in own capability to complete a task; may include previous successful completion of the exact task/similar task

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11
Q

What did Albert Bandura believe about self-efficacy in relation to motivation?

A

Individuals sense of self-efficacy plays a role in motivating behavior; motivation derives from expectations that we have about consequences of behaviors

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12
Q

What were Henry Murray’s 3 domains for needs?

A

Domain of ambition- need for achievement and recognition
Power- dominance and aggression
Play- Interpersonal affection

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13
Q

Describe the order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. All psychological needs for survival
  2. Basic needs for security and safety
  3. Need for love and sense of belonging
  4. Need for self worth and confidence
  5. Self-actualization
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14
Q

What did Maslow later propose to be higher than self-actualization?

A

Self-transcendence: striving for meaning and purpose beyond concerns of oneself

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15
Q

Satiation

A

Fullness or satisfaction and eating stops

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16
Q

How is satiation regulated?

A

Regulated by physiological mechanisms

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17
Q

What is body weight affected by?

A

Gene-environment interactions and # of calories going in and out

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18
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

Amount of energy expended in given period of time; tremendous individual variability in rate

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19
Q

What is Set point theory

A

Each individual has ideal body weight which is resistant to change and is genetically predetermined

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20
Q

What is the definition of obesity?

A

When someone weighs more than what is accepted as healthy for their given height

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21
Q

What is the BMI of someone considered overweight?

A

25-29.9

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22
Q

What is the BMI of someone considered obese?

A

30+

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23
Q

Morbid Obesity

A

Having BMI over 40 and are so overweight that are at risk of death

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24
Q

What fraction of the population in the US are obese and what fraction are overweight?

A

Obese: 1/3
Overweight: 2/3

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25
What is Bariatric Surgery?
Surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction involving modifying GI system to reduce amount of food eaten or how much food can be absorbed
26
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
People engage in binge eating followed by attempt to compensate for large amount of food consumed
27
What is Binge Eating Disorder?
Eating excessively but not followed by inappropriate behavior instead followed by distress
28
Anorexia Nervosa
Maintenance of body weight well below average through starvation or excessive exercise
29
What is distorted body image?
type of body dysmorphia; view as overweight even if not
30
What body part plays an important role in motivation?
Hypothalamus
31
What parts are important for sexual motivation?
Limbic structures such as amygdala and nucleus accumbens
32
What is Hypogonadism
Reduced function of gonads
33
What is the Kinsey Scale?
A scale used to categorize individuals sexual orientation
34
Sexual Orientation
Individuals emotional and erotic attractions to same-sex individuals, opposite sex, and both
35
What observations did William Masters and Virginia Johnson make?
Observed people engaged in sexual activity
36
What are the 4 phases of the Sexual Response Cycle?
Excitement, Plateau, Reolution, and Refractory Period
37
What is excitement?
Arousal phase of sexual response cycle; marked by erection of pent/clitoris and lubrication/expansion of vaginal canal
38
What is the plateau of the sexual response cycle?
Women experience further swelling of vagina, increased blood flow to labia minor; men= full erection and pre-ejaculatory fluid, pelvic contractions accompanied by buildup of seminal fluid near urethra
39
What is the resolution stage of the sexual response cycle?
Relatively rapid return to unaroused state; decreased blood pressured muscular relaxation
40
What is the refractory period of the sexual response cycle?
Time that follows orgasm during which person is incapable of having anther orgasm
41
What percentage of the percentage is said to be homosexual?
3-10%
42
Gender Identity
One's sense of being male or female correlated with chromosomal and phenotypic sex
43
Gender Dysphoria
Diagnostic category describing individuals who don't identify as gender that most would assume they are
44
Transgender Hormone Therapy
An attempt to make bodies look more like the opposite sex, some cases have surgeries to alter appearances of external genitalia
45
Kathoey
Person described as intersected or transgendered in the US
46
Emotion
Subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings in response to an experience
47
Mood
Prolonged, less intense, affective state that doesnt occur in response to something we experience
48
Components of Emotion
Combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences to form emotional states
49
James-Lange Theory
Emotions arise from physiological arousal causing different arousal patterns to be associated with different feelings
50
Cannon-Bard Theory
Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
51
Schachter-Singer two factor Theory
Takes into account both physiological arousal and emotional experience
52
What is a polygraph?
Lie detector test, measures physiological arousal of independent responding to series of questions
53
Who and what was the Cognitive-Mediational Theory?
Lazarus; our emotions are determined by our appraisal or assessment of the stimulus
54
what did Robert Zajonc believe in?
Some emotions occur separately from or prior to cognitive interpretation of them
55
How did Joesph LeDoux view emotions?
Some required no cognition and completely bypass contextual interpretation
56
What is the fear stimulus processed through?
From the thalamus through the cortex to the amygdala
57
What is the amygdala composed of?
Various subnuclei including basolateral complex and central nucleus
58
What is the basolateral complex?
Dense connections with variety of sensory areas of brain critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to learning process
59
What is the central nucleus?
role in attention; connections with hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate autonomic nervous/endocrine systems' activity
60
What do functional differences in the amygdala mark?
differences in individuals suffering bipolar and those from major depressive disorder
61
What type of disorders is the hippocampus linked with?
Mood and anxiety disorders
62
What is Culture Display Rule?
One of a collection of culturally specific standards governing types/ frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable
63
What are the 7 universal emotions associated with distinct facial expressions?
Happiness, Surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger
64
Facial feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions
65
Body language
Expression of emotions in terms of body position or movement

Psychology (9 decks)

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