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Psych Module 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The long-standing traits/patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

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2
Q

Who first studied personalities and when?

A

Hippocrates in 370 BCE

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3
Q

What did Hippocrates theorize about personality traits?

A

They are based on 4 separate temperaments

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4
Q

What is the Choleric Temperament according to Hippocrates?

A

Based on yellow bile from the river; people typically are more extroverted, goal-oriented and ambitious although they can be short tempered

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5
Q

What is the Melancholic temperament according to Hippocrates?

A

Black bile from kidneys; self-reliant individuals who are thoughtful, reserved and often anxious

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6
Q

What is the Sanguine Temperament according to Hippocrates?

A

Red blood from the heart; extroverted individuals who are enthusiastic, active, and social

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7
Q

What is the Phlegmatic temperament according to Hippocrates?

A

White phlegm from the lungs; people are relaxed, quiet and easy-going, they typically sympathize for others although try to hide their emotions

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8
Q

Who was the next to theorize about personalities and what did he theorize?

A

Galen’ each personality difference is an imbalanced

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9
Q

What did Galen build off of Hippocrates Personality theories?

A

Temperament was characterized by Warm, Cold, Moist, or Dry; each combination of temperature and feeling (warm, dry) correlates with a humor ( personality)

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10
Q

What did Franz Gall theorize and when?

A

In 1780 he theorized distance between bumps on skull reveal personality traits, character, mental abilities

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11
Q

Who did Immanuel Kant agree with and what did he develop?

A

He agreed with Gall that there was no overlap between 4 categories, he then developed a list to describe personality of each person

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12
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt believe about personality?

A

He believed that they could be described better by a distinction between 2 major axes

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13
Q

What were the 2 major axes?

A

Emotional/nonemotional and Changeable/unchangeable

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14
Q

What does the Emotional/nonemotional axis separate?

A

Melancholic and Choleric from Phlegmatic and Sanguine

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15
Q

What does the Changeable/unchangeable axis separate?

A

Choleric and Sanguine from Melancholic from Phlegmatic

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16
Q

What did Sigmund Freud create?

A

The psychodynamic perspective which was the first comprehensive theory of personality

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17
Q

What were Neo-Freudians?

A

Theorists who followed Freud and reduced the emphasis on sex and focused more on social environment and effects of culture on personality

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18
Q

What does the conscious control and how much of our mind is it?

A

It is the mental activities we control; 1/10 of mind

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19
Q

What does the unconscious control and how much of our mind is it?

A

Mental activity unaware of and unable to access; rest of mind

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20
Q

What is repression in relation to the unconscious?

A

Unacceptable urges and desires kept in unconscious

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21
Q

What are Freudian slips?

A

Saying things we don’t intend to say by unintentionally substituting another word for the one we meant

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22
Q

Define Id, Superego, and Ego

A

Id: Most primitive drive; impulses of hunger, thirst, and sex
Ego: Rational part of personality; seen by others; balance the id and superego
Superego: Develops as child interacts with others; learn social rules for right and wrong

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23
Q

What is anxiety from?

A

From the ego’s inability to mediate conflict between id and superego

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24
Q

What is the defense mechanism?

A

Unconscious protective behaviors aiming to reduce anxiety

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25
What is repression in regards to defense mechanisms?
When anxiety-causing memories from consciousness are blocked
26
What is reaction formation?
Someone expresses feelings, thoughts and behaviors opposite to inclinations
27
Regression
Individual acts much younger than their age
28
Projection
Person refuses to acknowledge own unconscious feelings; sees feelings in someone else
29
What is the rationalization defense mechanism?
Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons
30
What is the displacement defense mechanism?
Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto more acceptable target
31
What is the sublimation defense mechanism?
Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
32
What is the Oral stage of psychosexual development?
Pleasure is focused on mouth
33
What is the anal stage of psychosexual development?
Pleasure is in bowel and bladder movements
34
What type of people are stuck in the anal stage?
Stingy and stubborn perfectionists as well as messy and careless people
35
What is the Phallic Stage?
Erogenous zone is the genitalia; tend to want opposite sex parent
36
What is the difference in the Oedipus and Electra complex?
The Oedipus complex is in boys and its their desire for the mother during the phallic stage while the Electra complex is girls and its their desire for their father
37
Latency Period
Sexual feelings are dormant; focus on pursuits
38
Genital Period
Sexual reawakening as urges resurface, sexual interests mature
39
Who was Alfred Adler?
The first major theorist to break away from Freud
40
What did Alfred Adler found?
Individual Psychology which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings. of inferiority
41
What is the inferiority complex and what does Adler believe believe it is driven by?
Person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others driven by inferiority in childhood according to adler
42
What are the 3 fundamental tasks we all must experience?
Occupational tasks, societal tasks, and love tasks
43
What did Carl Jung focus on?
Analytical psychology and Collective unconscious
44
What is analytical psychology?
Working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought and experience within one's personality
45
What is collective unconscious?
Universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces
46
What are archetypes?
Ancestral memories; represented by universal themes that reflect common experiences among ppl in various cultures
47
What were the 2 attitudes of life that Carl Jung believed in?
Extroversion: energized by being outgoing and social Introversion: energy derived from inner physic activity
48
What is the goal of self-realization?
To have a balance between extroversion and introversion
49
What is a persona?
A mix of who we really are and what society expects us to be; we consciously create this and hide parts from society
50
What did Karen Horney disagree with Freud about?
Girls having penis envy and jealousy of male biological parts; also believed that the personality of men and women is not culturally based but is biologically based unlike Freud
51
What were the 3 styles of coping with anxiety according to Karen Horney?
Moving toward people; Moving against people; Moving away from people
52
What is the behavioral perspective?
Do not believe in biological determinism; instead is shaped by reinforcements and consequences
53
What is the social cognitive theory?
Emphasizes learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality, believing reciprocal determinism, observational learning and self-efficacy play a part in developing personality
54
What is reciprocal determinism?
Cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact; each factor influences and is influenced
55
What is self-efficacy?
Our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences and affecting how we approach challenges and reach goals
56
Locus of control
Our belief about the power we have over our lives either internal or external
57
What is the difference between having a internal and external locus?
Internal believe results are a direct result of efforts whereas external believe they're outside of our control
58
What is self-regulation?
Process of identifying a goal or set of goals and in pursuing these goals, using both internal and external feedback to minimize goal attainment; ability to resist small reward now for a larger one later
59
What is the humanistic approach?
It emphasizes psychological disturbance and focuses on how healthy people develop
60
What did Carl Rogers believe about self-concept?
Self concept is our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and we either have ideal self telling us what we would like to be or we have a real self tell us who we actually are
61
What does congruence with the ideal self and real self cause?
Great self worth and success
62
Are trait determined by single genes or contributions of genes?
Contributions of many genes
63
What are the 2 important parts of adult personality?
Reactivity which is how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli and self-regulation
64
What were the 3 body types that William Sheldon believed in?
Ectomorphs: thin with small bone structure, little fate, anxious, quiet and private Endomorphs: Narrow shoulders, wide hips, extra fat on round body; relaxed, even tempered, tolerant Mesomorphs: Large bone structure, well defined muscles, broad shoulders, adventurous, assertive, competitive
65
What do trait theorists believe about personality?
It can be understood via approach that all people have certain traits which are characteristic ways of behaving
66
What were the 3 categories to describe personality traits according to Gordon Allport?
Cardinal: dominates entire personality; not very common Central: Make up personality Secondary: not quite as obvious or consistent as central traits and are present under certain circumstances
67
What were personalities made up of according to Raymond Cattell?
Same traits just different degree in which each are expressed
68
What were the 2 specific personality dimensions that Hans and Sybil Eysenck believed in?
Extroversion/Introversion nd Neuroticism/stability
69
What was the third personality dimension that was later added?
Psychoticism vs superego control Psychoticism is independent thinking, impulsive, antisocial Superego control is high impulse control, empathetic, and cooperative
70
What is the Five Factor Model?
OCEAN: Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
71
Define Culture
All of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of particular society transmitted through language and modeling right and wrong
72
What is important to people in individualistic cultures?
Independence, competition, personal achievement
73
What is important to people in collectivistic cultures?
Social harmony, respectfulness, group needs
74
What is the cultural comparative approach in regards to studying personality in a cultural context?
Testing western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine ability to be generalized and if they are culturally valid
75
What is the indigenous approach in regards to studying personality in a cultural context?
Reaction to dominance of Western approaches to study of personality in non-western settings
76
What is the combined approach in regards to studying personality in a cultural context?
Bridge between Western and indigenous psychology; understanding both universal and cultural variations in personality
77
What does projective testing rely on to asses one's personality?
Relies on defense mechanism projection to assess unconscious processes
78
What is the TEMAS test?
It stands for "Tell me the Story" and is a multicultural thematic apperception test for minority groups

Psychology (9 decks)

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