Psych Module 5

Question 1

What are reflexes?

Answer 1

Motor or neural reaction to specific stimulus in the environment

Question 2

What are instincts?

Answer 2

Innate behaviors triggered by broader range of events, typically are complex patterns of behavior

Question 3

What is learning?

Answer 3

Permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience; it involved interaction of conscious and unconscious processes

Question 4

What is associative learning?

Answer 4

When an organism makes connections between stimuli and the event occurring together in the environment

Question 5

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Conditioning that links events that happen together

Question 6

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 6

Conditioning that links behavior and consequence together, for example: reinforcement and punishment

Question 7

What is observational learning?

Answer 7

Extends effective range of classical and operant conditioning

Question 8

What is the tradition that each different approach falls under?

Answer 8

Behaviorism

Question 9

Who was Ivan Pavlov and what was he known for discovering?

Answer 9

He was a Russian scientist who did research on dogs salivating to come to the conclusion of classical conditioning

Question 10

What is a physiologist?

Answer 10

Someone who studies life processes of organisms from the molecular level to the level of cells, organ systems, and the entire organism

Question 11

What is the difference between unconditioned responses and conditioned responses?

Answer 11

UCR’s are reflexes which are not learned whereas CR’s are learned

Question 12

What is the difference between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus?

Answer 12

An unconditioned stimulus creates reflexive responses in an organism where as a neutral stimulus is presented right before the unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

What does the neutral stimulus become after a period of time?

Answer 13

It becomes the conditioned stimulus which elicites a response

Question 14

What is higher-ordering conditioning and what is another common name for it?

Answer 14

Pairing a new neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, which is also known as second-order conditioning

Question 15

What is the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

Answer 15

The initial period of learning where the subject learns to connect the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus together

Question 16

What is the extinction phase in classical conditioning?

Answer 16

There is a decrease in conditioned response when the unconditional stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

Question 17

Describe spontaneous recovery in regards to classical conditioning

Answer 17

The return of previously extinguished conditioned responses following a rest period

Question 18

What is the difference between stimulus discrimination and generalization?

Answer 18

Discrimination is when the subject learns to respond to different stimulus that are similar where generalization is when the subject shows conditioned response to similar stimuli

Question 19

What is habituation?

Answer 19

When we learn to not respond to stimulus presented repeatedly without change

Question 20

Who was the founder of behaviorism and what did he believe about it?

Answer 20

John B Watson; He believed all behavior can be studied as simple stimulus-response reaction without regards to internal processes

Question 21

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 21

When organisms learn to associate behavior and consequences

Question 22

What did B.F Skinner discover about operant conditioning?

Answer 22

You can only apply it to already known behaviors

Question 23

What did B.F. Skinner believe about behavior?

Answer 23

It is motivated by consequences we receive for behavior, essentially based on law and effect

Question 24

Law and Effect

Answer 24

Behaviors followed by consequences satisfying to an organism is more likely to be repeated and vice versa for unpleasant behavior

Question 25

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment

Answer 25

reinforcement means increasing behavior where punishment means decreasing behavior

Question 26

Positive reinforcement

Answer 26

Desirable stimulus is added to increase likelihood of behavior

Question 27

Negative reinforcement

Answer 27

undesirable stimulus is removed to increase behavior

Question 28

Positive punishment

Answer 28

undesirable stimulus is added to decrease behavior

Question 29

Negative punishment

Answer 29

Remove desirable stimulus to decrease behavior

Question 30

What is shaping and when is it used?

Answer 30

Rewarding successive behavior towards the target behavior and is typically used when teaching complex behavior

Question 31

What are primary reinforcers?

Answer 31

Reinforcers which have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned such as water, sleep, sex, and food

Question 32

What are secondary reinforcers?

Answer 32

Reinforcers with no inherent value and only have reinforcing qualities when linked with primary reinforcers

Question 33

What is the difference between continuous and partial reinforcement?

Answer 33

Continuous reinforcement rewards organisms each time the desired behavior is performed whereas partial reinforcement does not consistently reward

Question 34

What is fixed reinforcement?

Answer 34

The number of responses or amount of time between reinforcement is set and unchanging

Question 35

Define Variable, interval, and ratio in relation to reinforcement

Answer 35

Variable is the # of responses or amount of time between reinforcement changes, interval is when the schedule is based on the time between reinforcement, and ratio is the when the schedule is based on the # of responses between reinforcements

Question 36

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 36

Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Question 37

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 37

Organism gets reinforcement based on varying amount of time

Question 38

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 38

Set # of responses that must occur before behavior is rewarded

Question 39

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 39

of responses needed for reward varies and is the most powerful partial reinforcement schedule

Question 40

What did Edward Tolman believe about cognition?

Answer 40

He believed that the thought and expectations plays a role in learning

Question 41

Cognitive Map

Answer 41

Mental picture of layout of maze/place

Question 42

Latent Learning

Answer 42

Occurs but is not observable in behavior until reason to demonstrate it

Question 43

What is observational learning and explain the parts to it?

Answer 43

When individuals learn by watching others then imitating their actions; it involves models who perform the imitated behavior and it also involves mirror neurons

Question 44

What did Albert Bandura discover?

Answer 44

Social learning theory

Question 45

Explain the Social Learning Theory

Answer 45

Pure behaviorism couldn't explain why learning can take place in the absence of external reinforcement so internal mental states must play a role

Question 46

What is the difference between a verbal model and a symbolic model

Answer 46

A verbal model explains or describes a behavior whereas a symbolic model is a fictional character or people who demonstrate behaviors

Question 47

According to Lefrancois, what were the ways observational learning could occur?

Answer 47

1. learn new response 2. Choose whether or not to imitate model depending on what happened to model 3. learn the general rule to apply to other situations

Question 48

According to Bandura what were the steps to the modeling process?

Answer 48

1. Focus on what model is doing 2. Retain observation 3. perform observed behavior 4. Have motivation

Question 49

What is vicarious reinforcement or punishment?

Answer 49

the model is either reinforced or punished for behavior

Question 50

What affects can watching and learning have on an individual?

Answer 50

Prosocial- used to encourage the acceptable behavior or antisocial- discouraged social behavior