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Psychology > Psych Module 6 > Flashcards

Psych Module 6 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Cognition

A

Thinking; encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem soling, etc.

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2
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

It examines how people think explaining how and why we think the way we do striving to measure different types of intelligence

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3
Q

What do senses in the nervous system act as?

A

They are an interface between the mind and the external environment

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4
Q

Explain the process of the senses in the nervous system

A
  1. Receive stimuli and translate to nervous impulses transmitted to the brain
  2. The brain processes and uses the revenant pieces of info
  3. Info is expressed though language or stored in the memory
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5
Q

What are concepts?

A

Categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories; used to see relationships among different elements of experiences

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6
Q

How are concepts informed?

A

They are informed by semantic memory

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7
Q

What is a prototype?

A

The best example or representation of a concept

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8
Q

What is the difference between natural and artificial concepts?

A

Natural concepts are created through experiences and develop from either direct or indirect experiences where artificial concepts are defined by a specific set of characteristics

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9
Q

What is Schema and what happens when its activated?

A

Mental construct consisting of a cluster or a collection of related concepts and when its activated it allows the brain to make assumption about person

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10
Q

What is Schemata?

A

A method of organizing info that allows brain to work more efficiently

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11
Q

What is Role Schema?

A

Assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

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12
Q

What is Event Schema?

A

set of behaviors that can feel like a routine and varies among different cultures and countries but is difficult to change because its automatic

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13
Q

Language

A

Communication system involving using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit info form person to another

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14
Q

Lexicon

A

Words of a given language; language’s vocab

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15
Q

Grammar

A

Set of rules used to convey meaning through use of lexicon

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16
Q

How are words formed?

A

By combining phonemes

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17
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Basic sound unit of given language- different languages have different phonemes

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18
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Smallest unit of language that combine some type of meaning for example the word “I”

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19
Q

What is semantics?

A

The process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words and is used with syntax to construct language

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20
Q

What is syntax?

A

The way words are organized into sentences

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21
Q

How did BF Skinner believe language was learned?

A

Through reinforcement

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22
Q

What is overgeneralization and give an example?

A

An extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule; the rule of adding an s to make something plural, children will say “deers”

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23
Q

What did Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf want to understand?

A

How long habits of community encourage community members to interpret language in a particular manner

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24
Q

What did Whorf and Sapir conclude?

A

Language determines thought

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25
Linguistic Determinism
Language influencing the way we think
26
Problem-Solving Strategy
A plan of action used to find a solution
27
Trial and error strategy
Continue to try different solutions until a solution is found
28
Algorithim Strategy
Formula providing step by step instructions to achieve desired outcome
29
Heuristic Strategy
General problem solving framework; mental shortcuts to solve problems
30
Mental Set
Where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but clearly doesn't work now
31
What is functional fixedness?
A type of mental set when you can't receive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for
32
Anchoring Bias
When you focus on one pice of info when making a decision or solving a problem
33
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to focus on info confirming existing beliefs
34
Hindsight Bias
Believe event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasnt
35
Representative Bias
Faulty way of thinking; unintentionally stereotype someone or something
36
Availability Heuristic
Make decision based on an example, info, or recent experience that is readily available to you even if not the best example
37
Who came up with the theory of intelligence?
Raymond Cattell
38
What was the theory of intelligence?
It divided intelligence into Crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence
39
What is crystallized intelligence?
Acquired knowledge and ability to retrieve it- learning, remembering, then recalling info
40
What is fluid intelligence?
The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems- navigating your way home
41
Who came up with the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg
42
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Intelligence is comprised of 3 parts- practical, creative, and analytical intelligence
43
What are the three types of intelligence according to the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Practical: "street smart"; finding solutions working in everyday life by applying knowledge based on experience Analytical: closely aligned w/academic problem solving and computations Creative: inventing; imaging a solution to a problem
44
Who developed Multiple intelligence Theory?
Erik Erikson
45
What is multiple intelligence theory?
Each person posses at least 8 intelligences, person excels in some and fails in others
46
What are the 8 intelligences according to multiple intelligence theory?
Liguistic; logical; musical; Bodily kinesthetic; spatial; interpersonal; intrapersonal; naturalist; emotional; and cultural
47
What is bodily kinesthetic intelligence?
High ability to control movements of body and use body to perform physical tasks
48
What is spatial intelligence?
when one can perceive relationships between objects and how they move in space
49
What is the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence?
Interpersonal is when one can be empathize and understand others emotions whereas intrapersonal intelligence is when one can access their own feelings and motives to direct them towards a personal goal
50
What is creativity?
The ability to generate, create, discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
51
What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking?
Divergent thinking is thinking outside of the box whereas convergent thinking is the ability to provide a web established logical answer
52
Define IQ
Intelligence quotient based on the score earned on a test to measure intelligence
53
What did Sir Francis Galton first develop?
The broad test of intelligence
54
What advance did Alfred Binet make in the testing of intelligence?
He began creating reliable results
55
What contribution and change did Louis Terman make to Alfred Binet's work?
He standardized the administration of tests and tested thousands of children to establish an average score for each age
56
What did David Wechsler develop and when and how?
In 1939 David Wechsler developed new IQ tests in the US by combining subtests from other intelligence tests
57
What did Wechslers Adult Intelligence Scale lead to?
standardized tests today as recalibration which led to the Flynn effect
58
What is the Flynn effect?
Observation that each generation has significantly higher IQ than the last
59
What is the average score of an IQ test?
100
60
In IQ testing what does one standard deviation equal?
15 points
61
What is range of reaction?
The theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on genetic makeup
62
Is genetic potential a fixed or varied quantity?
It is fixed although whether or not you reach the full potential is dependent on environment situations especially during childhood
63
In 1969, what did Arthur Jensen discover about intelligence?
There are 2 levels- level one which is consistent among human race and conceptual/analytical abilities which are different among ethnic groups
64
Who do cognitive disorders tend to affect most?
Children with average or above average intelligence
65
What is Dysgaphia?
A learning disability where a child will struggle to write legible although inconsistent with IQ
66
What is Dyslexia?
Learning disability with the inability to correctly process letters

Psychology (9 decks)

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