Psychology 13

Question 1

Is the research process circular or linear?

Answer 1

Circular, because knowledge is advanced by the use of the scientific method

Question 2

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 2

Ideas are tested against the empirical world

Question 3

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 3

Empirical observations lead to new ideas

Question 4

What is the circular research process?

Answer 4

Hypothesis/general premise->Deductive reasoning->empirical observations-> inductive reasoing-> beginning

Question 5

What is inductive reasoning used for?

Answer 5

To orm theories which create hypotheses that are tested with deductive reasoning

Question 6

Case studies place an emphasis on which type of reasoning whereas experimental research places emphasis on what other type of research?

Answer 6

Case studies= inductive

Experimental= Deductive

Question 7

What is a theory?

Answer 7

Well-developed set of ideas that propose explanation for observed phenomena

Question 8

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 8

A testable prediction about how the world will behave if idea is correct; if-then statement

Question 9

What is the James-Lange theory?

Answer 9

Dependence on falsifiability is confidence in information produced

Question 10

What is the weakness of case/clinical studies?

Answer 10

They only focus on one or few rare cases

Question 11

What is test inter-rater reliability?

Answer 11

The measure of reliability that asseses consistency of observations by different observers

Question 12

What is longitudinal research?

Answer 12

Data-gathering is administered repeatedly over extended oeriod of time; used when researchering various diseases to understadn risk factors

Question 13

What is cross-sectional research?

Answer 13

Compares multiple segments of poulation at the same time and is a shorter term investment than longitudinal research but is limitedby the differences between different generations that have nothing to do with age

Question 14

What does correlation research not imply?

Answer 14

Cause and effect

Question 15

How do you measure correlation?

Answer 15

By measuring the correlation coefficient

Question 16

What is the indication if the number is closer to one?

Answer 16

The variables are more strongly related which means more predictable changes

Question 17

What does a positive vs a negative correlation indicate?

Answer 17

Positive correlation means they move in the same direction and negative correlation means they move in opposite directions

Question 18

What is a cofounding variable?

Answer 18

Causing systematic movement in variables of interest

Question 19

What is Operational Definition?

Answer 19

Description of how to measure variales; important to understand what research measures in experiment

Question 20

What is statistical analysis of data?

Answer 20

An analysis to find out if there are meaningful differences between 2 groups

Question 21

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

Answer 21

Reliability is the ability to consistently produce a given result while validity is the extent to which a given intrument or tool accurately measures what its supposed to

Question 22

Every valid measure is or is not reliable?

Answer 22

IS

Question 23

Every reliable measure is or is not valid?

Answer 23

IS NOT

Question 24

What is the IRB?

Answer 24

The institutional review board, which reviews proposals for research involving human participants and every institution receiving federal support for research involving people has to access has to access IRB

Question 25

If deception occurs what must happen following the study?

Answer 25

A debriefing which is a full, honest information session about the purpose of the experiment and how datat will be used and why deception was used

Question 26

What is the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee?

Answer 26

They review animal experimental proposal and ensure humane treatment of animals; no research can proceed without approval