Monoclonal antibodies Flashcards
(14 cards)
What are antibodies produced by
B-lymphocytes
What are B-lymphocytes
A type of white blood cell
What are monoclonal antibodies produced from
Lots of clones of single white blood cells
What do monoclonal antibodies target
One specific protein antigen
Do lymphocytes divide easily
No
How to produce a hybridoma antibody
Fuse a mouse B-lymphocyte with a tumour cell
Why form a hybridoma
-Lymphocytes don’t divided very easily, and tumour cells divide a lot
-by fusing them you can make a hybridoma
-these can be cloned to get lots of identical cells
-these cells produce monoclonal antibodies
-which are then collected and purified
Why are monoclonal antibodies very useful
They only bind to the target molecule, so can be used to target a specific cell or chemical in the body
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests
-the hormone … is only present in the … of pregnant …
-pregnancy test sticks detect this …
- You … on the … of the test which has … with blue … attached
- The test … has more a… which are … to the test strip
- -If you are pregnant the hormone … to the … on the … beads
-the urine moves up the … carrying the … and the beads
-the beads and … bind to the … on the test strip
-so the blue … get … turning it … - If you are … pregnant the … moves up the stick carrying the blue beads, but because there is nothing to … the blue beads to the test … it doesn’t go …
-the hormone HCG is only present in the urine of pregnant women
-pregnancy test stickers detect this hormone
- You urinate on the end of the test which has antibodies with blue beads attached
- The test strip has more antibodies which are fixed to the test strip
- -If you are pregnant the hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads
-the urine moves up the stick carrying the hormones and the beads
-the beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the test strip
-so the blue beads get stuck turning it blue - If you are not pregnant the urine moves up the stick carrying the blue beads, but because there is nothing to stick the blue beads to the test strip it doesn’t go blue
What do pregnancy tests test for
A hormone called HCG
Ways monoclonal antibodies can be used
-to treat disease
- for research to find specific substances
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat disease
-different … in the body have different … on their cell surface, so you can make … that bind to specific …
-c… cells have antigens on their cell m… that aren’t found in … cells, they are called t… m…
-in the lab you can make … that will … to these tumour markers
-an anti-… drug can be attached to these …
-the antibodies are given to the p… through a …
-the a… target … cells because they only bind to the tumour …
-the drug kills the … cells but doesn’t kill any … body cells near the …
-different cells in the body have different antigens on their cell surface, so you can make MABs that bind to specific cells
-cancer cells have antigens on their cell membranes that aren’t found in normal cells, they are called tumour markers
-in the lab you can make MABs that will bind to these tumour markers
-an anti-cancer drug can be attached to these MABs
-the antibodies are given to the patient through a drip
-the antibodies target specific cells because they only bind to the tumour markers
-the drug kills the cancer cells but doesn’t kill any normal body cells near the tumour
How can monoclonal antibodies be used for research
-they bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure their levels
-to test blood samples for certain pathogens
-locate specific molecules on a cell or tissue
Disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies
They have more side effects than expected
