Plant cell organisation Flashcards
(24 cards)
Types of plant tissue
-e… tissue: … the whole …
-p… m… tissue: part of leaf where … happens
-s… m… tissue: contains … spaces to allow … to diffuse … and out of …
-x… tissue: transports … around the plant
-p… tissue: transports …
-m… tissue: found at the … tips of … and roots and can … into different … of plant …
-epidermal tissue: covers the whole plant
-palisade mesophyll tissue: part of leaf where photosynthesis happens
-spongy mesophyll tissue: contains air spaces to allow gases to diffuse into and out of cells
-Xylem tissue: transports water around the plant
-phloem tissue: transports food
-meristem tissue: found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and can differentiate into different types of plant cells
What are the epidermal tissues covered with
A waxy cutbacks which helps reduce water loss by evaporation
What does the upper epidermis do
It’s transparent to let light pass through to the palisade layer
Structures of plant tissue and their functions
- The e… tissue is covered in a … cuticle to prevent … lost through …
- Upper e… is … so light can … through it to the p… layer
- The p… layer has lots of …, which are near the … of the leaf to get the most …
- The x… and p… form a network of v… bundles which deliver … and other … to the entire … and take away … made from p…
- The t… of leaves are adapted for efficient … exchange, like the lower e… is full of s… which let … diffuse into the …, they open and … which is controlled by g… cells
- The epidermal tissue is covered in a waxy cuticle to prevent water lost through evaporation
- Upper epidermis is transparent so light can pass through it to the palisade layer
- The palisade layer has lots of chloroplasts, which are neat the top of the lead to get the most light
- The xylem and phloem form a network of vascular bundles which deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away glucose made from photosynthesis
- The tissues of leaves are adapted for efficient gas exchange, like the lower epidermis is full of stomata which let CO2 diffuse into the leaf, they open and close which is controlled by guard cells
What to phloem tubes transport
Food
What are phloem tubes made of
C… of elongated l… cells with small p… in the end w… to allow cell s… to flow t…
Columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through
What do phloem tubes do
Transport … (mainly dissolved s…) made in the … to the rest of the … for … use of for …
Transport food (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use of for storage
Which direction do phloem tubes transport food
In both directions
What is translocation
The movement of dissolved sugars around a plant
Which tube carries out translocation and which tube carries out transpiration
Phloem, Xylem
What are Xylem tubes made of
D… cells joined end to … with no end w… between them and a … down the m…, they are s… by a material called l…
Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle, they are strengthened by a material called lignin
What do Xylem tubes carry
Water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves
what is the transpiration stream
The movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves
What is transpiration caused by
The evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface
Where does most transpiration occur on the plant
The leaves
What happens in transportation in plants
-water is e… from a plants …
-the evaporation creates a … of water in the leaf so … water is … up from the rest of the … via the the … vessels
-this means more water is … up from the … and so there is a … transpiration … of water through the …
-water is evaporated from a plants surface
-the evaporation creates a shortage of water in the leaf so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plants via the the Xylem vessels
-this means more water is drawn up from the roots and so there is a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant
How does water escape from leaves
The stomata
How are guard cells adapted to open and close stomata
-they have a … shape which … and closes the …
-when the plants have … of water the … cells … with it and go …
—>this makes the stomata … so g… can be exchanged for p…
-when the plants is … of water the … cells … water and become … making the stomata …
—>helps stop too much … vapour …
-they have a kidney shape which opens and closes the stomata
-when the plants have lots of water the guard cells fill with it and go turgid
—>this makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
-when the plants is short of water the guard cells lose water and become flaccid making the stomata close
—>helps stop too much water vapour escaping
Where are stomata found on a leave
The underside as it is shaded and cooler so less water is lost
how does light intensity affect transpiration
-the … the light the … the transpiration …
-stomata … as it gets darker
-… can’t happen in the … so they don’t need to be … to let … in
-the brighter the light the greater the transpiration rate
-stomata close as it gets darker
-photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark so they don’t need to be open to let CO2 in
How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration
-the … it is the faster … happens
-when it is warm the … particles have more … to evaporate and … out of the …
-the warmer it is the faster transpiration happens
-when it is warm the water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata
How does air flow affect the rate of transpiration
-the better the … flow around the leaf the … the transpiration …
-if there is … air flow water … is … away, maintaining a low … of … in the air … the …
-d… then happens … from an area of … to low …
-the better the air flow around the leaf the greater the transpiration rate
-if there is good air flow water vapour is swept away, maintaining a low conc of water in the air outside the leaf
-diffusion then happens quickly from an area of high to low conc
How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration
-the … the air around the … the faster … happens
-if the air is h… there is a lot of … in it so there is not much difference in water … in and … the leaf
-so … happens very …
-the drier the air around the leaf the faster transpiration happens
-if the air is humid there is a lot of water in it so there is not much difference in water conc in and outdid the leaf
-so diffusion happens very slowly
What 4 main things affect the rate of transpiration
-l… i…
-t…
-a… f…
-h…
-light intensity
-temperature
-air flow
-humidity
