motivation & wellbeing - self determination theory

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

-impetus that gives purpose or direction to behaviour and operates in humans at a conscious or unconscious level

Question 2

component of motivation - activation

Answer 2

-decision to initiate a behaviour

Question 3

component of motivation - persistence

Answer 3

-continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist

Question 4

component of motivation - intensity

Answer 4

-concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal

Question 5

source of motivation - physiological

Answer 5

-basic biological factors such as the need for food and water
-when our physiological needs are unmet, we are motivated to take action to satisfy them
-e.g. feeling hungry motivates us to seek food

Question 6

source of motivation - cognitions

Answer 6

-driven by an individual’s thoughts, perspectives, and expectations
-people interpret information based on individual differences and respond (are motivated) by these individual differences
-e.g. someone who has an extraverted personality and perceives themselves being a good singer may be more likely to audition for X Factor than someone who is shyer and less confident

Question 7

source of motivation - emotion

Answer 7

-conscious mental reactions (such as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feelings
-positive emotions (like joy or excitement) can drive us toward certain behaviours, while negative emotions (like fear or anxiety) can motivate us to avoid specific situations

Question 8

source of motivation - social

Answer 8

-involves the human need for social interaction and acceptance and is drivenby the desire to belong, to be accepted by others, and to form meaningful relationships
-e.g. includes the influence of teachers, siblings, friends, parents, TV, such as buying a new shirt because it is fashionable

Question 9

self determination theory

Answer 9

-concept that regulation of behaviour varies along a continuum from externally controlled (e.g., to obtain rewards or avoid punishments) to autonomous or intrinsically motivated (e.g., to have fun or explore interests)
-term self-determination refers to a person’s own ability to manage themselves, to make confident choices, and to think on their own

Question 10

assumptions of self determination theory

Answer 10

-need for growth drivesbehaviour,where gaining mastery over challenges is essential to develop a strong sense of self
-autonomous motivation whereby we experience intrinsic motivation and gain knowledge and independence is important for a strong sense of self

Question 11

self determination theory – deci and ryan

Answer 11

-motivation is conceptualised on spectrum from not-at all to completely self-determined behaviour
-people are intrinsically motivated by things that satisfy their basic psychological needs for relatedness,competence, and autonomy
-how people are oriented to meet goals that satisfy basic needs will determine the type of motivation experienced

Question 12

amotivation

Answer 12

-represents alack of motivation that occurs when individuals feel no internal or external drive to engage in a particular behaviour
-people become amotivated towards a behaviour when the environment does not allow for the behaviour to be carried out competently
-e.g. a student who has no interest in a particular subject and sees no value in learning it may lack motivation to study, attend classes, or complete assignments related to that subject

Question 13

extrinsic motivation

Answer 13

-motivation that stems from a desire for external rewards and is a means to an end e.g. respect from others, social recognition, money, awards
-reduces self determination as there is minimal autonomy because motivation is controlled by external forces
-four subtypes which vary based on the value we give to the task and the degree of autonomy we feel

Question 14

extrinsic motivation - external regulation

Answer 14

-external regulation is where the intention only to receive rewards or avoid punishments.
-e.g. student studies hard for an exam because their parents promised them a new video game if they get an A

Question 15

extrinsic motivation - introjected regulation

Answer 15

-introjected regulationis external regulation that hasbeeninternalised, fulfilling obligations out ofguilt orshame or to boost self-esteem
-e.g. aperson volunteers at a charity event because theyfeel guilty if they don’t help

Question 16

extrinsic motivation - identified regulation

Answer 16

-identified regulation is whenindividuals engage in a behaviour because they identify with its value and perceive it as personally important
-e.g. a student studying hard to get a high ATAR because they want to be a doctor

Question 17

extrinsic motivation - integrated regulation

Answer 17

-integrated regulation is when individuals engage in behaviour outof identification and enjoyment but alsoforsome personal gain, not just for the pure enjoyment of the behaviour itself.
-e.g. an environmentalist reduces their carbon footprint by riding their bike to work

Question 18

intrinsic motivation

Answer 18

-motivation that stems from the incentive to engage in a specific activity that derives from pleasure in the activity itself (e.g., a genuine interest in a subject studied) rather than because of any external benefits that might be obtained (e.g., money, grades).
-comes from the need of the individual to feel competent and self-determined.
-behaviours that promote and enforce competency, self-determination, and give a sense of satisfaction are much more likely to be repeated
-e.g. learning to paint purely because it interests you and you enjoy the process of learning and mastering a new skill

Question 19

psychological needs for motivation

Answer 19

-SDT proposes that all human beings have three basic universal psychological needs – the needs for competence,autonomy, and relatedness
-these psychological needs are essential nutriments for motivation andindividuals cannot thrive without satisfying all of them
-satisfaction of these needs facilitates self determination which supports psychological health and wellbeing

Question 20

psychological needs for motivation - autonomy

Answer 20

-people need to feel in control of their own behaviours and goals
-when individuals feel that they have choices and can make decisions aligned with their interests and values, their intrinsicmotivation increases

Question 21

autonomy is increased via:

Answer 21

-providing choice and allowing individuals to express their preferences
-respecting individuals’ perspectives and acknowledging feelings
-avoiding judgement
-encouraging personal responsibility for actions

Question 22

autonomy is decreased via:

Answer 22

-rewards
-punishments
-deadlines
-judgemental assessments

Question 23

psychological needs for motivation - competence

Answer 23

-refers our need to develop new skills, learn new things, and master the world around us
-competence is linked toself-efficacy (believing that we can accomplish our goals), andmasteryor the knowledge that we can gain the necessary skills and overcome all obstacles to achieve our goals

Question 24

competence is increased via:

Answer 24

-providing optimal challenges - specific goals that are challenging enough, but not overwhelming
-providing positive performance feedback

Question 25

competence is decreased via:

Answer 25

-providing challenges that are too difficult -negative performance feedback

Question 26

psychological needs for motivation - relatedness

Answer 26

-need to feel belongingness and connectedness with others -it is satisfied by having close and genuine relationships with others and by being part of a group or community

Question 27

relatedness is increased via:

Answer 27

-genuine care -mutual respect -safety and inclusivity

Question 28

relatedness is decreased via:

Answer 28

-competition -cliques and ostracisation 

Question 29

strengths of self determination theory

Answer 29

-provides a comprehensive of theory of human motivation which is supported by empirical evidence and is continually evolving.  -a versatile theory that can be applied to a wide range of fields such as education, work motivation, sports, and healthcare

Question 30

limitations of self determination theory

Answer 30

-while SDT provides a comprehensive framework for understanding motivation, it may not always accurately predict behaviour. -lacks falsifiability as it is hard disprove the whole theory with evidence due to its complexity and the various constructs included in the framework -overemphasises the importance of autonomy and undervalues external motivations