Muscle Test Chapter 10 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
tissue surrounding the entire muscle that separates it from other muscles or bone.
A
Fasciae
2
Q
tissue around the entire muscle (directly connected)
A
Epimysium
3
Q
tissue surrounding the individual fascicles
A
Perimysium
4
Q
tissue surrounding the individual muscle fibers
A
Endomysium
5
Q
adult stem cells, repair damaged muscle cells
A
Satellite Cells
6
Q
embryonic stem cells that form all muscle cells
A
Myoblast
7
Q
the muscle cell membrane
A
Sarcolemma
8
Q
the muscle cell cytoplasm
A
Sarcoplasm
9
Q
the muscle cells endoplasmic reticulum
A
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
10
Q
run perpindicular to the SR to carry materials fiber to fiber
A
Transverse Tubules
11
Q
subunits of a muscle fiber
A
Myofibrils
12
Q
sub units of a myofibril
A
Myofilaments
13
Q
thin, light in color, move, create the I band
A
Actin
14
Q
thick, dark in color, do not move, create the A band
A
Myosin
15
Q
one segment of a muscle fiber
A
Sacromere
16
Q
What does the Sacromere contain?
A
- Actin
- Myosin
- Supporting Proteins
- Regulating Proteins
17
Q
hold myofilaments in place
A
Supporting Proteins
18
Q
control contraction of myofilaments
A
Regulating Proteins
19
Q
made up of myosin filaments, thick and dark, do not move
A
A Bands
20
Q
made up of actin filaments, light and thin, do move
A
I Bands
21
Q
middle of the myosin filaments
A
M Line
22
Q
area where the I band and A band both occur/overlap
A
Zone of Overlap
23
Q
middle of the I bands, start of new sacromeres
A
Z-Lines
24
Q
the idea that states that myosin heads pull on actin in a ratcheting pattern.
A
Ratchet Theory
25
What are four changes that take place in the Ratchet Theory?
1. I band gets smaller
2. Overlap zone gets bigger
3. Z lines get closer together
4. A band remains the same
26
area where nerves connect to muscle fibers
Neuromuscular Junction
27
neurons that connect to muscles
Motor Neurons
28
the gap between a nerve and a fiber
Synapse
29
the last part of the motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction
Synaptic Terminal
30
the part of the muscle in the neuromuscular junction area
Motor End Plate
31
the amount of stimulus needed to release a neurotransmitter
Action Potential
32
a neurotransmitter that causes Na+ ions to enter the fiber
ACh
33
cause Ca+ ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Na+
34
cause mysoin heads to grab and pull on Actin filaments
Ca+
35
enzyme that breaks down ACh
AChase
36
What are the steps to relaxation?
1. impulse stops
2. ACHase released- breaks down ACh
3. Na+ leaves muscle fiber
4. Ca+ returns to the SR to be stored
5. Myosin release Actin (relax)
37
What are the steps to contraction?
1. impulse begins
2. ACh releases into the synapse
3. Na+/K+ enters fiber
4. Ca+ is released from SR
5. Myosin pulls Actin
38
What are the 3 things that relaxation are caused by?
1. Gravity
2. Elastic Forces
3. Opposing Muscle Groups
39
the idea that each muscle fiber will contract 100% or none at all
All or None Principle
40
What is muscle tension controlled by?
1. Number of muscle fibers stimulated
| 2. Frequency of stimulation
41
a single stimulus that causes one contraction and relaxation sequence
Twitch
42
What are the three phases of muscle tension?
1. latent
2. Contraction
3. Relaxation
43
muscle tension phase where there is no tension, impulse occurs, ACh, Na+, and Ca+ are released
Latent Phase
44
muscle tension phase where myofilaments connect and shorten.
Contraction Phase
45
Na+ and Ca+ are reabsorbed and contraction stops
relaxation phase
46
the gradual build up of tension due to repeated stimuli
Wave summation
47
maximum tension with brief periods of relaxation (convulsions)
Incomplete tetanus
48
no period of relaxation, constant full tension
Complete tetanus
49
contraction ends, but low levels of tension remains in the muscle fibers. Ca+ cannot leave due to damage. ex) after a heavy workout
Treppe
50
tension in the myofibril (actual amount is higher)
internal tension
51
tension at the tendon (less due to stretching)
external tension
52
a motor neuron and all of the fibers it connects to
motor unit
53
contain fewer fiber per neuron- react quicker with less force
fine motor skills
54
contain many fiber per neuron- react slower but have more force
course motor skills
55
resting tension in a muscle
muscle tone
56
length of muscle changes
isotonic contractions
57
muscles do not change in length
isometric contractions
58
the breakdown of pyruvic acid with the help of oxygen
Aerobic metabolism
59
the breakdown of glucose without the use of oxygen. Creates 2 ATP and Lactic Acid
Glycolosis (Anerobic) Metabolism
60
What causes muscle fatigue?
1. Run out of ATP
2. Loss of energy source (glucose or oxygen)
3. Build up of Lactic Acid (muscle damage)
4. Damage to the SR (injury)
61
the maximum amount of tension produced- determined by the number of fibers
Power
62
the length of time that a muscle can perform- determined by the number of mitochondria
Endurance
63
What are the types of muscle fibers?
1. Fast
2. Slow
3. Intermediate
64
type of muscle fiber; common, large, powerful, white, have few mitochondria
Fast
65
type of muscle fiber; smaller, fatigue slowly, dark red, more oxyhemoglobin, many mitochondria
Slow
66
type of muscle fiber; pink and pale
Intermediate
67
muscle growth
Hypertrophy
68
muscle loss
Atrophy
69
Ways that Anaerobic endurance is limited (sprints, lifting, speed).
1. Amount of ATP or CP
2. Glycogen reserves
3. Lactic Acid tolerance
70
Ways that Aerobic endurance is limited (jogging and swimming).
1. Oxygen levels
| 2. Sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
71
What are the affects of aging on the muscular system?
1. Fibers get smaller
2. Loss of elasticity
3. Decrease in recovery ability
4. Exercise tolerance decreases
72
a bacterial infection; caused by improperly canned foods; causes muscle paralysis
Botulism
73
genetic; body does not create dystrophin; causes muscle atrophy
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
74
occurs in the diaphragm; a tear in the muscle wall; caused by persistent cough or vomiting
Hiatal Hernia
75
occurs in the abdomen/groin; a tear the muscle wall; intestines push through a hole
Inguinal Hernia
76
ALS; no known cause; loss of function of motor neurons; muscle atrophy
Lou Gehrig's Disease
77
MS; loss of myolin on motor neurons; causes brain damage; lose neuron function
Multiple Sclerosis
78
lose ACh; no muscle contractions; autoimmune disease
Myasthenia Gravis
79
viral disease: causes paralysis
Polio
80
bacterial infection; causes muscle spasms; lockjaw
Tetanus
81
under cooked pork- worms: eat away muscle tissue
Trichinosis
82
autoimmune; chronically tired
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
83
muscle pain; autoimmune; muscles swell and fatigue
Fibromyalgia
