Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
another name for the digestive tract (mouth to anus)
A
alimentary canal
2
Q
includes the liver, gal bladder, pancreas, and salivary glands
A
accessory organs
3
Q
What are the steps to digestion?
A
1) ingestion
2) mechanical processing
3) digestion
4) secretion
5) absorption
6) excretion
4
Q
What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?
A
1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis externa
4) serosa
5
Q
the layer in the alimentary canal, innermost layer,secretes mucous and enzymes (protection)
A
Mucosa Layer
6
Q
layer of the alimentary canal, blood vessels and lymph and nerve
A
Submucosa Layer
7
Q
layer of alimentary canal, contains 2 layers of muscle that push food (circular/longitudinal)
A
Muscularis Externa Layer
8
Q
layer of the alimentary canal, outer protective layer, reduces friction
A
Serosa Layer
9
Q
the pinch/push that moves food (controlled by pace setter cells)
A
Perstalsis
10
Q
area from the diaphragm to pelvis
A
Abdominal cavity
11
Q
tissue covering internal organs in the belly
A
Visceral Peritoneum
12
Q
tissue on the wall of belly
A
Parietal Peritoneum
13
Q
lubricates cavities to reduce friction (7 liters a day)
A
Peritoneal Fluid
14
Q
tissue that holds the small intestines in place and supply blood vessels (run from parietal to visceral peritoneum
A
Messenteries
15
Q
connects stomach to the back of the peritoneum (stops twisting)
A
Lesser Omentum
16
Q
runs from the base of the stomach to the bottom of the abdominal cavity (covers intestines). Made up of fatty tissue, provides energy reserve, cushions, and protection.
A
Greater Omentum
17
Q
digestion contractions slow down
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
18
Q
digestion contractions speed up
A
Parasympathetic Nervous System
19
Q
connects large intestine to the parietal peritoneum. Stops twisting and keeps it in place
A
Mesocolon
20
Q
area behind the peritoneum where the kidneys are located
A
retroperitoneal
21
Q
mouth cavity
A
Oral/Buccal Cavity
22
Q
What are the functions of the mouth in digestion?
A
1) Analyzes food
2) Breaks down food and mixes it together
3) lubricates food
4) limited digestion
23
Q
lining in the mouth, thicker on the top of the tongue and the roof of the mouth
A
oral mucosa
24
Q
lips
A
labia
25
between the cheek and the gums
Vestibule
26
gums
Gingivae
27
roof of mouth (front and back)
Hard and Soft Palate
28
excess tissue in the back of throat
Uvula
29
lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat
Tonsils
30
What are the functions of the tongue?
1) Break down food
2) moves food
3) gives sense of touch
4) secrets mucous and enzymes
31
Parts of the tongue:
root
| body
32
back connection area of the tongue
Root
33
front section of the tongue
body
34
taste buds (salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and savery)
Lingual papillae
35
tissue under the tongue that holds it down
Frenulum
36
when the frenulum is too long- 'tongue tied'
Ankyloglassia
37
enzyme that starts to breakdown fats
Lingual Lipase
38
Muscles in the mouth:
Intrinsic
| Extrinsic
39
smaller, coordinate shape and help with speech
Intrinsic
40
larger, used for major movements
Extrinsic
41
Typesof Salivary Glands:
1) Parotid
2) Sublingual
3) Submandibular
42
type of salivary, found in cheeks, thick saliva, amylase, 25% of all saliva, release through the parotid duct
Parotid
43
type of salivary gland, found under the tongue, watery mucous, 5% of all saliva, ducts release on each side of the tongue
Sublingual
44
type of salivary gland, found in lower jaw, mucins (buffer), 70% of all saliva, amylase
Submandibular
45
Characteristics of Saliva:
1) 1-1.5 liters/day
2) 99.4% water
3) .6% electrolytes, buffers, enzymes, and antibodies
46
Functions of Saliva:
1) Buffers
2) Cleans mouth
3) Fight Bacteria
4) Lubricates the mouth
5) Moistens food
6) Digestion of starches and fats
47
can control (not involuntary). Swallowing of food
Somatic System
48
process of chewing
Mastication
49
main component of teeth (calcium phosphate).No cells
Dentin
50
center of the tooth (contain blood vessels and nerves)
Pulp Cavity
51
narrow tunnel that blood vessels and nerves run through
Root Canal
52
base of the tooth
Root
53
connect teeth to jaw bones
Peridontal Ligament
54
connects tooth to the gums
Cementum
55
visible part of the tooth
Crown
56
gum disease (bacterial)
gingivitis
57
covering of the tooth, hardest biologically created substance
enamel
58
Types of Teeth:
1) Incisors
2) Cuspids
3) Bicuspids
4) Molars
59
front teeth, cut, 4 central, 4 lateral. 8 total
Incisors
60
canines, tear, 4 teeth total
Cuspids
61
premolars, grind, 4 1st row, 4 2nd row, 8 total
Bicuspids
62
grind, 4 1st row, 4 2nd row, 4 3rd row, 12 total
Molars
63
baby teeth, 20 total
Primary teeth
64
adult teeth, 32 total
Secondary teeth
65
cavities
Caries
66
common pathway for air, water, and food
Pharynx
67
located above the soft palate
nasopharynx
68
located in the back of the mouth
oropharynx
69
located past the esophagus
laryngopharaynx
70
tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, 10 inches long, 2 cm wide, passes through the center of the diaphragm
Esophagus
71
deglutition
swallowing
72
Steps to Swallowing:
1) buccal phase
2) pharyngeal phase
3) esophageal phase
73
the first step to swallowing, the tongue goes up, soft palate goes up; food is pushed back
Buccal Phase
74
second step of swallowing, bolus stimulates swallowing reflex (medulla oblongota); larynx rises, epiglottis closes off trachea
Pharyngeal Phase
75
last stage of swallowing, food enters the esophagus
Esophageal Phase
76
Functions of the Stomach:
1) stores food
2) breaks down food
3) add acids and enzymes to help break down chemical bonds
4) makes intrinsic factor-helps absorb Vitamin B12
77
material that leaves the stomach
Chyme
78
What are the four parts to the stomach?
1) Cardiac
2) Fundus
3) Body
4) Pyloric
79
located in the stomach; between esophagus and stomach; sphincter
Cardiac Sphincter
80
located in the stomach; between the stomach and duodenum
Pyloric Sphincter
81
folds in the stomach that increase surface area
Rugae
82
depressions in the mucous lining in the stomach that absorbs materials
Gastric Pits
83
make gastric juices; 2 types (parietal and chief)
Gastric glands
84
make HCl and intrinsic factor (helps in blood formation)
Parietal cells
85
create pepsinogen-->pepsin with HCl--> digests proteins
Chief Cells
86
Functions of HCl:
1) kills bacteria
2) breaks down proteins and other food products
3) breaks down cellulose in vegetables
4) activates pepsin release
87
Functions of pyloric glands:
1) mucous secretion by the pylorus
| 2) secretes Gastrin
88
hormone that stimulates the gastric glands and stomach muscles
Gastrin
89
What regulates stomach activity?
1) Central Nervous System (Autonomic System)
2) Stretch reflexes- in stomach walls
3) Digestive tract hormones
90
What are the 3 phases to stomach activity?
1) cephalic
2) gastric
3) intestinal
91
phase of stomach activity where smell, taste, or thought of food causes release of saliva and activates stomach muscles and acids
Cephalic phase
92
phase of stomach activity when food enters the stomach; stomach stretches, pH goes up; presence of undigested food
gastric phase
93
phase of stomach activity when chyme enters the duodenum, controls the rate the stomach empties, duodenal stretching causes the pyloric valve to close
Intestinal phase
94
What are the 3 parts to the small intestine?
1) Duodenum-first 6 inches, connects to liver, galbladder and pancreas
2) Jejunum-8 ft. long, most absorption occurs here
3) Ileum- last 12 ft., connects to colon
95
connects the small intestine and the large intestine
Ileocealcal valve
96
hangs off at the ceacum, accessory organ
Appendix
97
folds in the intestines (800)
Plicae
98
projections on the plicae that increase surface area for absorption (thousands)
Villi
99
Functions of intestinal juices:
1) moistens chyme
2) buffers acid
3) liquefies digestive enzymes
100
fancy name for vomiting
emesis
101
Functions of the pancreas
creates digestive enzymes and buffers
| located under the stomach
102
located in the pancreas; secretes insulin- controls blood sugar levels
endocrine
103
located in the pancreas; secretes pancreatic juice
exocrine
104
digests starches
alpha amylase
105
digests fats
lipase
106
digests nucleic acids
nucleases
107
digest proteins
proteolytic enzymes
108
divides the liver into right and left lobes
falciform ligament
109
liver cells that adjust levels of nutrients
hepatocytes
110
liver cells that phagocytic and take out pathogens, dead blood cells, store iron, fats, and heavy metals
Kupffercells
111
functional unit of the lover, look like the spokes of a bike tire, contain hepatocytes and kupffer cells (100,000)
Liver Lobules
112
substance created by the liver; dumps into the hepatic duct (common bile duct)
Bile
113
Functions of the liver:
regulate metabolism
| regulates blood
114
Steps to regulation of blood (in liver):
1) breaks down blood cells
2) create antigens
3) makes plasma proteins
4) absorbs and recycles hormones
5) removes antibodies
6) removes toxins
7) creates bile- breaks down fats proteins
115
functions of the gall bladder:
1) stores bile
| 2) modifies bile
116
digestive hormone; releases bile and pancreatic enzymes
choleocystokinin (CCK)
117
digestive hormone, creates mucous
Enterokinin
118
digestive hormone, releases insulin, slows stomach activity
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
119
digestive hormone, activates stomach acids and enzymes
Gastrin
120
digestive hormone, makes buffers, slows stomach activity, and increase bile
Secretin
121
digestive hormone, dilates blood vessels in intestine, slow acid release, makes buffers
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
122
Functions of the large intestines:
1) reabsorbs water, minerals, and vitamins
2) compacts feces
3) stores feces
4) absorbs 10% of nutrients
123
Three parts of the large intestine:
ceacum- connection area
colon- main portion
rectum- last 6 inches
124
What are the colon segments?
1) Ascending
2) Transverse
3) Descending
4) Sigmoid
125
75% water, 5% bacteria, 20% undigested waste material
Feces
126
farts; created when complex carbohydrates are broken down by bacteria
Flatus
