Musculoskeletal Structure Flashcards
(187 cards)
0
Q
Form of connective tissue, one of the hardiest tissues in the body.
A
Bone
1
Q
Bone
A
Form of connective tissue, one of the hardiest tissues in the body.
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Q
Ossification
A
The formation of bone from fibrous tissue, continues until maturity
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Q
The formation of bone from fibrous tissue, continues until maturity
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Ossification
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Q
Osteoblasts
A
Oste/o = bone, -blasts= immature
Immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
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Q
Immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
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Osteoblasts
Oste/o = bone, -blasts= immature
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Q
Osteoclasts
A
Phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity if log bone
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Q
Phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone
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Osteoclasts
Oste/o = bone, -class = break
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Q
Osteocytes
A
Mature osteoblasts
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Q
Mature osteoblasts
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Osteocytes
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Q
Hematopoietic
A
Producing red blood cells (such as red bone marrow)
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Q
Producing red blood cells
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Hematopoietic
Hemat/o = blood, -poietic= pertaining to formation
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Q
Medullary cavity
A
Inner space
Of the long bone it contains yellow bone marrow
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Q
Inner space
A
Medullary cavity
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Q
Cartilage
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A form of connective tissue more elastic than bone
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Q
A form of connective tissue more elastic than bone
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Cartilage
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Q
Articular cartilage
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Cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bones
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Cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bones
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Articular cartilage
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Meniscus
A
Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints and cushions forces applied to the joint
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Q
Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints and cushions forces applied to the joint
A
Meniscus
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Q
Cortical bone
A
Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone
Cortex= bark or shell in Latin
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Q
Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone
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Cortical or compact bone
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Cancellous bone
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Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones; also called spongy bone
Cancellous= latticework in Latin
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Q
Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones
A
Cancellous or spongy bone
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Epiphysis
Eh-pihf-ih-sihs
Wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone
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Wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone
Epiphysis
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Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
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Shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
Diaphysis
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Physis
Cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone; also called growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage
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Cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone
Physis, aka growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage
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Metaphysis
Wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis; in adult animals, it is considered part of the epiphysis
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Wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis; in adult animals, it is considered part of the epiphysis
Metaphysis
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Periosteum
Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone
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Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone
Periosteum
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Endosteum
Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
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Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
Endosteum
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Long bones
Bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity (ie, a femur)
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Bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity
Long bones
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Short bones
Cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (ie, carpal bones)
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Cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity
Short bones
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Flat bones
Thin, flat bones (ie, pelvis)
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Thin, flat bones
Flat bones
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Pneumatic bones
Sinus-containing bones (ie, frontal bones)
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Sinus-containing bones
Pneumatic bones
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Irregular bones
Unpaired bones (ie, vertebrae)
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Unpaired bones
Irregular bones
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Sesamoid bones
Small bones embedded in tendon (ie, patella) the only exception is the distal sesamoid of the horse
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Small bones embedded in tendon
Sesamoid bones
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Joints or articulations
Connections between bones
| Articulate means to join in a way that allows motion between parts
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Connections between bones
Joints or articulations
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Synarthroses
Joints that allow no movement. Usually united with fibrous connective tissue
Ex: sutures
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Joints that allow no movement
Synarthroses
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Amphiarthroses
Joints that allow slight movement
Ex: pelvis halves
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Joints that allow slight movement
Amphiarthroses
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Diarthroses
Joints that allow free movement
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Joints that allow free movement
Diarthroses
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Suture
A jagged line where bones join and form a non moveable joint (synarthroses) typically found in the skull
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A jagged line where bones join and form a non moveable joint, usually found in the skull
Suture
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Fontanelle
Soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth
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Soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth
Fontanelle
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Symphysis
Joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that the function as one bone. Also called cartilaginous joints.
Mandibular symphysis or pubic symphysis, for example.
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Joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that the function as one bone.
Symphysis or cartilaginous joint
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Synovial joint
Ball-and-socket joints. Aka, enarthrosis, spheroid joints.
Allow a wide range of movement in many directions.
Ex: hip and shoulder joints
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Joints that allow a wide range of movement in many directions (4 possible answers)
Synovial joints. Ball-and-socket joints. Aka, enarthrosis or spheroid joints
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Arthrodial or condyloid joints
Joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, suck as the carpal joints.
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Joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, suck as the carpal joints.
Arthrodial or condyloid joints
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Trochoid joints
Pulley-shaped joints. Ex: the connection between the atlas to the axis
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Pulley-shaped joints
Trochoid joints
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Hinge joints
Allow motion in one plane or direction
| Ex: canine stifle or the elbow
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Allow motion in one plane or direction
Hinge joints
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Gliding joints
Move or glide over each other
| Ex: radioulnar joint or between vertebrae
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Joints that move or glide over each other
Gliding joints
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Saddle joint
Only found in primates. Creates the opposable thumb: allows the thumb to flex, extend, abduct, circumduct.
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Joint found only in the carpometacarpal joint in the thumb of primates
Saddle joint
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Ligament
A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone to help stabilize joints
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A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone to help stabilize joints
Ligament
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Tendon
A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to help the animal move
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A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to help the animal move
Tendon
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Bursa
A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction
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A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction
Bursa
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Synovial membrane
Inner lining of the bursa and synovial joints that secretes synovial fluid
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Inner lining of the bursa and synovial joints that secretes synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
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Synovial fluid
Acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth
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Acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth
Synovial fluid
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Axial skeleton
The framework of the body that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
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The framework of the body that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Axial skeleton
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Appendicular skeleton
Framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulders, pelvic girdle
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Framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulders, pelvic girdle
Appendicular skeleton
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Cranium
Portion of the skull that encloses the brain
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Portion of the skull that encloses the brain
Cranium
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Frontal bone
Forms the roof of the cranial cavity or front or cranial portion of the skull.
In some species the horn or cornual process arises from the frontal bone.
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Forms the roof of the cranial cavity or front or cranial portion of the skull.
Frontal bone
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Parietal bone
Paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
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Paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
Parietal bones
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Occipital bones
Forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum is located
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Forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum is located
Occipital bones
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Foramen and Magnum
| Together...?
Foramen: opening in bone through which tissue passes
Magnum: large
Foramen Magnum: opening for the spinal cord in the cranium
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opening for the spinal cord in the cranium
Foramen Magnum
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Temporal bones
Paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
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Paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
Temporal bones
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Sphenoid bones
Paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of bony eye sockets
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Paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of bony eye sockets
Sphenoid bones
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Ethmoid bones
Forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
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Forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
Ethmoid bones
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Incisive bones
Forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of the nares
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Forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of the nares
Incisive bones
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Pterygoid bones
Forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
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Forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
Pterygoid bones
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Sinuses
Air or fluid filled spaces in the skull
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Air or fluid filled spaces in the skull
Sinuses
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Brachycephalic
Dogs have short, wide heads like pugs or Pekingese
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Dogs have short, wide heads like pugs or Pekingese
Brachycephalic
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Dolicephalic
Dogs have narrow, long heads like collies or greyhounds
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Dogs have narrow, long heads like collies or greyhounds
Dolicephalic
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Mesocephalic
Dogs have average width heads like labs. Also called mesaticephalic
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Dogs have average width heads like labs
Mesocephalic or mesaticephalic
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Zygomatic bones
Forms the orbit and cheekbones, projections from the temporal and zygomatic bone form he zygomatic arch
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Forms the orbit and cheekbones
Zygomatic bones
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Palatine bones
Forms part of the hard palate
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Forms part of the hard palate
Palatine bones
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Lacrimal bones
Forms the medial part of the orbit
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Forms the medial part of the orbit
Lacrimal bones
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Nasal bones
Forms the bridge of the nose
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Forms the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
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Vomer bones
Forms the base of the nasal septum
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Forms the base of the nasal septum
Vomer bones
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Nasal septum
The cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities
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The cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities
Nasal septum
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Hyoid bones
Bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx
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Bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
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Vertebral column
Spinal Column or backbone, supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. Consists of individual bones called vertebra.
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supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord
Vertebral column. Spinal column or backbone
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Vertebral body
The solid portion of the vertebra ventral to the spinal cord
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The solid portion of the vertebra ventral to the spinal cord
Vertebral body
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Vertebral arch
The dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds there spinal cord
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The dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds there spinal cord
Vertebral arch
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Lamina (vertebra)
The left or right dorsal half of the arch
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The left or right dorsal half of the arch
Lamina
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Spinous process
A single process (projection) from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch
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A single process (projection) from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch
Spinous process
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Transverse process
Project laterally from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch
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Project laterally from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch
Transverse process
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Articular processes
Paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch
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Paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch
Articular processes
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Vertebral foramen
The opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes
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The opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes
Vertebral Foramen
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Intervertebral discs
Cartilage discs that separate and cushion the vertebra from each other
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Cartilage discs that separate and cushion the vertebra from each other
Intervertebral discs
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Atlas
C1, cervical vertebra one
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C1, cervical vertebra one
Atlas
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Axis
C2, cervical vertebra two
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C2, cervical vertebra two
Axis
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Cervical vertebrae
Neck area C vertebrae
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Neck area, C vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
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Thoracic vertebrae
Chest area, T vertebrae
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Chest area, T vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
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Lumbar vertebrae
Loin area, L vertebrae
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Loin area, L vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
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Sacral vertebrae
Sacrum area, S vertebrae
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Sacrum area, S vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
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Coccygeal vertebrae
Tail area, Cy or Cd vertebrae. Also called caudal.
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Tail area, Cy or Cd vertebrae.
Coccygeal or caudal vertebrae
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Ribs
Paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae. Also called costals
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Paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae
Ribs or costals
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Sternum
Breastbone. Forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage, divided into three parts.
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Forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage, divided into three parts.
Sternum, breastbone
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Manubrium
The cranial portion of the sternum
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The cranial portion of the sternum
Manubrium
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The body
The middle portion of the sternum
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The middle portion of the sternum
Body
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Xiphoid process
The caudal portion of the sternum
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The caudal portion of the sternum
Xiphoid process
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Thoracic cavity
Rib cage. Protects the heart and lungs. Boundaries are the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
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Protects the heart and lungs. Boundaries are the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. Rib cage.
Thoracic cavity or rib cage
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The bones of the front limb (8 names)
Scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals, phalanges
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Scapula
Shoulder blade. A large triangular bone on the side of the thorax
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A large triangular bone on the side of the thorax
Scapula. Shoulder blade.
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Clavicle
Collar bone. Slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula
Swine, ruminants, and equine do not have clavicles
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Slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula
Clavicle. Collar bone.
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Humerus
The long bone of the proximal front limb. Sometimes called the brachium.
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The long bone of the proximal front limb. Sometimes called the brachium.
Humerus
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Radius
Cranial bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.
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Cranial bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.
Radius
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Ulna
Caudal bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.
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Caudal bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.
Ulna
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Olecranon
A proximal projection on the ulna that forms the elbow point
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A proximal projection on the ulna that forms the elbow point
Olecranon
