Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What joint joins the cranium to the vertebrae?
A
Craniovertebral joints
2
Q
What joint joins the mandible to the skull?
A
Temperomandibular joints
3
Q
What joint joints the scapula to the clavicle?
A
Acromioclavicular joints
4
Q
What joint joins the humorous and the scapula?
A
Shoulder joint
5
Q
What joint joins the clavicle and sternum?
A
Sternoclavicular joint
6
Q
What joint joins the manubrium and sternal body?
A
Sternal angle/ manubriosternal joint
7
Q
What joint joins the ribs and intercostal cartilage?
A
Costochondral joints
8
Q
What joint joins the intercostal cartilage and sternum?
A
Sternocostal joints
9
Q
What joint joins the humorous to the ulna and radius?
A
Elbow joint
10
Q
What joint joins the ulna to the radius at the proximal end?
A
Proximal radioulnar joint
11
Q
What joint joins the ribs to the vertebrae?
A
Costovertebral joints
12
Q
What joint joins vertebrae together at the vertebral body?
A
Intervertebral joints
13
Q
What joint joins articular processes of vertebrae together?
A
Facet joints
14
Q
What joint joins the radius to the ulna at the distal end?
A
Distal radioulnar joint
15
Q
What joint joins the ulnar and radius to the carpal bones?
A
Wrist joint
16
Q
What joint joins the metacarpals to the phalanges?
A
Metacarpophalangeal joints
17
Q
What joint joins the distal phalanges to the middle phalanges?
A
Distal Interphalangeal joints
18
Q
What joint joins the middle phalanges to the proximal phalanges?
A
Proximal Interphalangeal joints
19
Q
What joint joins the hip bones to the sacrum?
A
Sacroiliac joints
20
Q
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
A
Pubic Symphysis
20
Q
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
A
Pubic Symphysis
20
Q
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
A
Pubic Symphysis
20
Q
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
A
Pubic Symphysis
20
Q
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
A
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
20
What joint joins the left and right hip bones?
Pubic Symphysis
21
What joint joins the hip bone to the femur?
Hip joints
22
What joint connects the femur to the patella and the tibia?
Knee joint
23
What joint connects the tibia and fibular at the distal end?
Distal Tibiofibular joint
24
What joint connects the tibia and fibular at the proximal end?
Proximal Tibiofibular joint
25
What joint joins the talus and calcaneus bones of the foot?
Subtalar joint
26
What joint joins the tibia and fibular to the tarsus bone of the foot?
Ankle joint
27
What joint joins the tarsus and calcaneus bones of the hindfoot to the navicular and cuboid bones of the mid foot?
Midtarsal joint
28
What joint joins the metatarsal bones to the distal phalangeal bones
Metatarsophalangeal joints
29
What joint joins the distal phalangeal bones to the middle phalangeal bones?
Distal interphalangeal joints
30
What joint joins the middle phalangeal bones to the proximal phalangeal bones?
Proximal interphalangeal joints
31
What sensations are detected by the sensory receptors of the joints nerves?
Pain
Temperature
Touch
Proprioception
32
What are the 3 main types of joint?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
33
What are the 2 main types of fibrous joints?
Syndesmoses
Sutures
34
What is a syndesmoses?
A fibrous joint that unites bones with a fibrous sheet membrane
35
What is the interosseous membrane?
A syndesmoses between the fibula and tibia
36
What is a suture?
A highly stable fibrous membrane between bones of the skull
37
What is a fontanelle?
A wide suture found in the neonatal skull allowing for moulding during birth
38
What is moulding of the skull?
When the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones slide over each other, making the babies head smaller for passage through the birth canal
39
What are the 3 types of fontanelle?
Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
Lateral fontanelles
40
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?
Synchondrosis (primary)
Symphysis (secondary)
41
What is a synchondrosis?
A joint in which a bone is joined to hyaline cartilage
42
What is a symphysis?
A strong, slightly movable joint between the main body of 2 bones, made up of fibrocartilage
43
What is an example of a primary cartilage slip?
Slipped femoral epiphysis in which the femoral epiphyseal growth plate slips from the metaphysis
44
What is an example of a secondary cartilage slip?
Slipped disc in which the intervertebral disc slips from between the vertebral bodies of 2 adjacent vertebrae
45
What are the 2 regions of an intervertebral disc?
Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus
Inner soft nucleus pulposus
46
What percentage of the nucleus pulposus is made up of water in newborns?
90%, which decreases with age
47
What is the risk of a slipped disc?
It can compress the spinal chord
48
What are the features of a synovial joint
2 or more bones covered in hyaline 'articular' cartilage
A capsule that wraps around the joint containing a joint cavity, supported by ligaments and associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
Associated with bursae
49
What is a bursa?
An extended space of the joint cavity that prevents friction between bones
50
What is contained in the joint cavity?
Synovial fluid
51
What is the function of the synovial fluid?
Cushions, nourishes and lubricates the joint
52
What does a ligament connect?
A bone to a bone
53
What does a tendon connect?
A bone to a muscle
54
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?
Pivot
Ball and socket
Plane
Hinge
Biaxial
55
What is a pivot joint?
A joint that allows rotation around 1 axis e.g. the atlantoaxial joint that allows shaking of the head
56
What joint joins the Atlas and axis vertebrae?
Atlantoaxial joint
57
What is a ball and socket joint?
A joint that consists of a rounded head of a bone fitting into a concavity allowing for multi-axial movement e.g. the hip joint that allows circumduction
58
What is a plane joint?
A joint that consists of 2 flattened bones that can glide over each other, allowing for minimal movement e.g. the acromioclavicular joint between the clavicle and scapula
59
What is a hinge joint?
A joint that allows uniaxial movement, leading to only flexion and extension e.g. the elbow joint
60
What are the 2 types of biaxial joint?
Saddle
Condyloid
61
What is a saddle joint?
A biaxial joint in which a saddle shaped heads permit movement in 2 different planes e.g. the carpometacarpal joint of the hand
62
What joint joins the carpal bones to the metacarpals?
Carpometacarpal joint
63
What is a condyloid joint?
A biaxial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction e.g. the metacarpophalangeal joint in the hand
64
What determines the possible movement of a joint?
The shape of the articular surface
65
What is a subluxation?
An injury in which a torn ligament leads to a reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
66
What is a dislocation?
An injury in which a torn ligament leads to complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
67
Which hormone causes relaxation and softening of ligaments during pregnancy, leading to dislocation of the pubic symphysis?
Relaxin
68
What is the most common dislocation of the skull?
Dislocation of the temperomandibular joint
69
What occurs during dislocation of the temperomandibular joint?
The head of the condylar process of the mandible moves past the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and becomes lodged in the glenoid fossa
70
What is a circular muscle?
A muscle that surrounds an opening allowing it to close and open e.g. orbiculares oculi surrounding the eye
71
What is a fusiform muscle?
A spindle shaped muscle e.g. biceps brachii
72
What is a flat muscle with aponeurosis?
A large flat muscle supported by an aponeurosis e.g. external oblique
73
What is a quadrate muscle?
A 4 sided, rectangular muscle e.g. rectus abdominus
74
What is a pennate muscle?
A feather like muscle with many attachments e.g. deltoid
75
What muscle allows for elevation and depression of the shoulders?
Levator scapula
76
What are the 2 attachment areas of a muscle?
Origin, usually on the most stable side
Insertion, usually on the most mobile side
77
What is an aponeurosis?
A flattened tendon, most commonly associated with flat muscle, and attached muscle to soft tissue instead of a bone
78
What are the 2 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?
Stretch reflex
Flexion withdrawal reflex
79
What is a flexion withdrawal reflex?
A sudden flexion to withdraw from a potential danger
80
What are the 4 main stretch reflexes?
Biceps jerk, triceps jerk, knee jerk and ankle jerk
81
How does a stretch reflex occur?
A sudden, brief stretch is applied to a muscle via its tendon, causing the muscle to contract. This results in a twitch, and then the muscle is prevented from overstretching, and the muscle relaxes.
82
What is paralysis of a muscle?
When the motor nerve supply to a muscle is stopped, so the muscle cannot contract, leading to a decreased tone upon examination
83
What is spasticity?
When a muscle does have a working motor nerve supply, but the descending controls of the brain are not working, leading to an increased tone on examination
84
What is muscle atrophy?
wastage of the muscles, in which the myocytes become smaller and the muscle loses bulk.
85
What is muscle hypertrophy?
The process in which skeletal muscles enlarge due to enlargement of each individual myocyte
86
What is cell hyperplasia?
A process in which the number of cells increases, while their size stays the same
