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Foundations of Medicine JMO > Nervous system intro > Flashcards

Nervous system intro Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures form the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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2
Q

What structures form the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Autonomic nerves

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3
Q

What name is given to a collection of nerve cell bodies in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

What name is given to a collection of nerve cell bodies in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Ganglion

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5
Q

What is a nerve fibre?

A

A bundle of nerve cell axons that travel to the same region or structure

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6
Q

What are the 6 modalities of nerve fibres?

A

Somatic sensory function
Somatic motor function
Special sensory function
Visceral afferent function
Sympathetic function
Parasympathetic function

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7
Q

How many modalities can one single nerve fibre perform?

A

Only 1 of the 6 functions

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8
Q

In which direction do action potentials travel in motor neurones?

A

Towards the body wall, body cavity or organ

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9
Q

In which direction do action potentials travel in sensory neurones?

A

Towards the spinal cord and brain

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10
Q

What are the bumps on the brain surface known as?

A

Gyri (Sing. 1 Gyrus)

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11
Q

What are the crevices on the brain surface known as?

A

Sulci (Sing. 1 sulcus)

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12
Q

What is the largest part of the brain known as?

A

The cerebrum

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13
Q

What are the 2 sections of the cerebrum known as?

A

Left and right hemisphere

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14
Q

What are the 4 lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum known as?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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15
Q

What is the name given to the surface of the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex

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16
Q

What is the smallest part of the brain called?

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves (+mnemonic)?

A

I - Old - Olfactory
II - Opie - Optic
III - Occasionally - Oculomotor
IV - Tries - Trochlear
V - Touching - Trigeminal
VI - And - Abducent
VII - Feeling - Facial
VIII - Virgin - Vestibulocochlear
IX - Girls - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagina’ - Vagus
XI - S And - Spinal Accessory
XII - Hymens - Hypoglossal

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18
Q

What are the functions of the 12 cranial nerves (+mnemonic)?

A

I - Some - Sensory
II - Say - Sensory
III - Marry - Motor
IV - Money - Motor
V - But - Both
VI - My - Motor
VII - Brother - Both
VIII - Says - Sensory
IX - Big - Both
X - Brains - Both
XI - Matter - Motor
XII - Most - Motor

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19
Q

Which 3 structures form the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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20
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the cranial vault?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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21
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory

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22
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the middle cranial fossa?

A

Cranial nerve II - Optic Nerve
Cranial nerve III - Oculomotor Nerve
Cranial nerve IV - Trochlear Nerve
Cranial nerve V - Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial nerve VI - Abducent Nerve

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23
Q

How many division of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V) are there?

A

3 - Va, Vb, Vc

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24
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cranial nerve VII - Facial nerve
Cranial nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
Cranial nerve IX - Glossoparyngeal nerve
Cranial nerve X - Vagus nerve
Cranial nerve XI - Spinal Accessory nerve
Cranial nerve XII - Hypoglossal nerve

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25
What are the 22 foramen of the cranial vault?
1 x Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone 2 x Optic canal 2 x Superior orbital fissure 2 x Foramen rotundum 2 x Foramen ovale 2 x Foramen spinosum 2 x Carotid canal 2 x Foramen lacerum 2 x Internal acoustic meatus 2 x Jugular foramen 2 x Hypoglossal canal 1 x Foramen magnum
26
Which cranial nerve passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?
CN I - Olfactory nerve
27
Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal?
CN II - Optic nerve
28
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III - Oculomotor nerve CN IV - Trochlear nerve CN Va - Trigeminal nerve A CN VI - Abducent nerve
29
Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN Vb - Trigeminal nerve B
30
Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?
CN Vc - Trigeminal nerve C
31
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII - Facial nerve CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
32
Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal CN X - Vagus nerve CN XI - Spinal Accessory nerve CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve
33
What passes through the foramen magnum?
The spinal chord
34
What are the 4 segments of the spinal cord?
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral/Coccygeal
35
What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical enlargement Lumbosacral enlargement
36
What protects the spinal cord?
The vertebral canal
37
Where does the spinal cord end?
Between L1 and L2 vertebrae
38
What is the name given to the end of the spinal cord?
Conus medullaris
39
What name is given to the bunch of descending nerves that pass below the spinal cord?
Cauda equina (Horses tail)
40
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
8 - C1-C8
41
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
12 - T1-T12
42
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
5 - L1-L5
43
How many sacral spinal nerves are there?
5 - S1-S5
44
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
1 - Co
45
How are spinal nerves named?
For the thoracic nerves and downwards, they are named after the vertebrae ABOVE it For the cervical nerves, they are named after the vertebrae BELOW it
46
What is supplied by the spinal nerves?
The soma (Body wall)
47
Where are the 'spinal nerves' found?
Only inside the intervertebral foramina
48
What are the 2 layers of the spinal cord?
Grey matter White matter
49
Describe the route that a motor action potential takes from the spinal cord to the body wall
Grey matter Anterior rootlets Anterior roots Spinal nerve Posterior and Anterior rami (Divisions of spinal nerve) Body wall
50
Describe the route that a sensory action potential takes from the body wall to the spinal cord
Body wall Posterior and Anterior rami (Divisions of spinal nerve) Spinal nerve Posterior root ganglion Posterior roots Posterior rootlets Grey matter
51
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve
52
What dermatome usually supplies the nipple?
T4 dermatome
53
What dermatomes usually supplies the umbilicus?
T10 dermatome
54
What is a nerve plexus?
A bundle of intertwining anterior rami from various levels
55
What are the 4 main spinal nerve plexuses?
Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus
56
What structures are supplied by the cervical plexus?
Posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm
57
Which nerves form the cervical plexus?
C1-C4 anterior rami
58
Which nerves form the brachial plexus?
C5-T1 anterior rami
59
Which nerves form the lumbar plexus?
L1-L4 anterior rami
60
Which nerves form the sacral plexus?
L5-S4 anterior rami
61
What can form from the intertwining of the lumbar and sacral plexuses?
Lumbosacral plexus
62
What are some examples of sensations felt by the somatic nervous system?
Coarse touch Fine touch Vibration Proprioception Temperature Pain
63
What type of receptor detects coarse touch, fine touch, vibration and proprioception?
Mechanoreceptors
64
What type of receptors detect temperature?
Thermoreceptors
65
What type of receptors detects pain?
Nociceptors
66
What are some common presentations of somatic pain?
Sharp, stabbing pain with exact location
67
What innervation is carried by anterior roots and rootlets?
Motor innervation
68
What innervation is carried by posterior roots and rootlets?
Sensory innervation
69
What is included in the soma?
Head and neck walls Chest walls Back Diaphragm Abdominal wall Pelvic wall Skin Fascia Skeletal muscle Skeleton Internal lining of body cavities
70
What is supplied by the autonomic nervous system?
Viscera (organs) Glands Smooth and cardiac muscle External linings of organs
71
What are some common presentations of pain of the autonomic nervous system?
Colicky (Comes and goes), dull, achy, nauseating and poorly localised
72
How does referred pain occur in appendicitis?
Pain starts dull and achy as the autonomic nervous system is stimulated by the appendix Pain will be poorly localised around the umbilicus The pain then become localised to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen and will become sharp and stabbing, this is because inflammation of the appendix will start to irritate the soma, leading to stimulation of the somatic nervous system
73
What are the 2 motor divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
74
What structures are supplied by the sympathetic division of the ANS?
All internal organs All body wall organs Arterioles
75
What are some effects of the fight or flight response?
Pupils dilate Heart rate increases Bronchioles dilate GI tract motility reduced Liver releases glucose into the blood Adrenal glands release adrenaline/noradrenaline Arterioles to skeletal muscle dilates to increase blood flow Arterioles to skin constrict Hairs stand on end Sweat is produced
76
Which division of the ANS causes the flight or fight response?
Sympathetic
77
Where does the sympathetic outflow leave the spinal cord?
With the T1-L2 spinal nerves
78
Where does the sympathetic outflow go too after exiting the spinal cord?
To sympathetic chains that run the length of the vertebral column
79
How does the sympathetic outflow reach the body wall wall structures?
The sympathetic chains pass into all spinal nerves
80
How does the sympathetic outflow reach the head and neck organs?
The sympathetic chains run alongside arteries to the head and neck
81
How does the sympathetic outflow reach the internal organs?
Via splanchnic nerves
82
Describe the path that the sympathetic outflow takes from the grey matter to the sympathetic trunk?
Lateral horn of the grey matter Anterior rootlets Anterior roots Spinal nerve Rami communicans Paravertebral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk Sympathetic trunk
83
Which division of the ANS allows for the rest and digest response?
Parasympathetic division
84
Which structures are not supplied by the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
It only supplies the internal organs that are also supplied by the sympathetic division It does NOT supply the arterioles It does NOT supply the body wall organs
85
What are some effects of the rest and digest response?
Pupils constrict Heart rate decreases Bronchioles constrict GI tract motility is increased Liver performs glycogenesis Urethral sphincter relaxes (Bladder)
86
Where does the parasympathetic outflow travel from?
The CNS via some of the cranial nerves The sacral spinal nerves
87
Which cranial nerves carry the parasympathetic outflow?
CN III - Oculomotor nerve CN VII - Facial nerve CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve CN X - Vagus nerve
88
What is the parasympathetic ganglion found in cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)?
Ciliary ganglion
89
Which parasympathetic ganglia are found in cranial nerve VII (Facial)?
Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion
90
What is the parasympathetic ganglion found in cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal )?
Otic ganglion

Foundations of Medicine JMO (56 decks)

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