Neoplasia 3 Sept27 M2 Flashcards
(39 cards)
steps to diagnose a neoplasm (6)
- Clinical (hist+phys)
- Radiology
- Lab measurements(biochem, hematology,…)
- Tumor markers (in tissue or serum)
- Patho/tissue diagnosis
- Other patho techniques
2 patho/tissue diagnosis methods
Cytopathology (smears, FNA)
Biopsy/Histopatho techniques
Other patho techniques (ancillary) (3)
IHC
Flow cytometry
Molecular/cytogenetic analyses
effects/symptoms of neoplasms (3)
- local: mass/bleeding
- metastases
- systemic (endocrino, paraneoplastic)
causes of death in malignancy (2)
- infection due to immunosuppression
- organ failure
4 goals of neoplasm therapy
- curative
- debulking
- adjuvant, neo-adjuvant (before or after main treatment)
- palliative
modalities (treatments) of therapy neoplasms (single or combined) (5)
- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- immunotherapy
- targeted molecular therapy
prognostic vs predictive factor in neoplasm
prognostic: chances of survival
predictive: responsiveness to treatment
examples of prognostic factors
- type of neoplasm
- location
- grading/staging
examples of predictive factors
-presence of expression of certain proteins (like receptors)
3 most incident cancers in men (decreasing order)
Prostate, lung, colorectal
3 most deadly (higher mortalities) cancer in men (decreasing order)
lung, prostate, colorectal
3 most incident cancers in women (decreasing order)
breast, lung, colorectal
3 most deadly (higher mortalities) cancer in women (decreasing order)
lung, breast, colorectal
2 types of cancer etiologies
exogenous and endogenous
examples of exogenous cancer etiologies
- chemical carcinogens
- physical agents (radiation, UV)
- biological agents (viruses, etc.)
examples of endogenous cancer etiologies
- Genetics
- Gender and hormones
- Altered immunity
3 leading causes of cancer
- tobacco
- diet (equal to tobacco)
- sexual behavior and infections
4 descriptors of carcinogenicity (by WHO and IARC, international agency for research on cancer)
Group 1, group 2, group 3, group 4
group 1 carcinogen meaning
carcinogenic to humans (120)
group 2 carcinogen meaning
probably (81) or possibly (299) carcinogenic to humans
group 3 carcinogen meaning
not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans (502)
group 4 carcinogen meaning
probably not carcinogenic to humans (1)
5 occupational carcinogens
dyes, asbestos, silica, radon, benzene
