Nervous System Flashcards by Sarah Seele

Parts of the nervous system

Sensory (afferent)
Central
Motor (efferent)

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Component of the CNS

Brain
Spinal cord

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Components of the peripheral nervous system

Sensory
Motor

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Components of the sensory nervous system

Visceral
Somatic

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Components of the motor nervous system

Visceral
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
Somatic

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Somatic motor nervous system

Carries info to the skeletal muscles

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Visceral motor nervous system
(Autonomic)

Carries info to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic

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Sympathetic nervous system

Fight or flight

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Parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and digest

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Spinal cord functions

Conduction
Locomotion
Reflexes

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Conduction

The spinal cord contains bundles of nerve fibers called tracts that carry info up and down the spinal cord

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Locomotion

The spinal cord contains groups of neurons that control output to flexor and extensor muscles

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Reflexes

The spinal cord regulates autonomic involuntary response for posture, movement, and protection

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Spinal cord regions

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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Spinal cord enlargements

Cervical (c5-7)- start of the upper limb nerve branches
Lumbar (l1-2)- start of lower limb nerve branches

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Causa equina

Bundle of spinal nerves that arise from the medullary cone and innervate lower limbs

Contains lumbar nerves 2-5, all the sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerves

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How many pairs of spinal nerves does the spinal cord have?

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Meninges

Protective fibrous covering around the brain and spinal cord

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Meninges layers

Dura mater- physical protection
Arachnoid mater- space w/cervical fluid
Pia mater- innermost layer

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Nervous tissue

White matter
Grey matter

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Grey matter

Central tissue
Un-myelinated
Contains synapses
Surrounds central canal

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White matter

Outer tissue
Myelinated bundles of neurons (tracts)

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Spinal nerves

Mixed nerves (sensory & motor)
Each nerve is connected to the spinal cord by two roots
- anterior root contains motor axons
-posterior root contains sensory axons

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31 pairs of spinal nerves breakdown

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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Brain ventricles

4 chambers filled with CSF

CSF

Cerebral spinal fluid is a clear fluid derived from plasma

CSF functions

Buoyancy Prevents collision Provides chemical stability

Brain regions

Brain stem Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebrum

Brain stem

Attaches to the spinal cord Three regions 1. Mid-brain 2. Pons 3. Medulla

Mid-brain

Relay station btw higher brain regions and the brainstem

Pons

Respiration Sleep Posture

Medulla oblongata

Heart rate Blood pressure Breathing rate

Diencephalon

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Link btw nervous and endocrine systems Thermoregulation Hunger/thirst Sleep

Cerebrum

Largest and most complex Contains -landmarks - hemispheres - cerebrum cortex

Landmarks

Gyri- ridges and folds Sulci- valleys and narrow grooves Fissures- deep grooves

Hemispheres

Connected by corpus callosum

Cerebral cortex

Densely packed grey matter in the surface of the cerebral lobes

Lobes

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula

Frontal

Voluntary movements

Parietal lobe

Receiving and interpreting signals from general senses

Occipital

Vision

Temporal lobe

Hearing and smell

Insula

Understanding spoken language and taste

Cell classes

Neurons Neuroglia

Neuron properties

Excitability Conductivity Secretion

Neuron classes

Sensory neurons Interneurons Motor neurons

Motor neuron structure

Dendrites Soma Axon

Axon components

Axon hillock Terminal arborization Synaptic knob

Axon associated structures

Schwann cell - Myelin sheath - Neurolemma Node of Ranvier

Schwann cell

Type of neuroglia cell that supports electrical transmission down the axon

Myelin sheath

Inner layer of the Schwann cell - insulates and speed electrical signal

Neurolemma

Outer layer of the Schwann cell - helps damaged axons heal

Nodes of ranvier

Gaps between myelin

Types of Neuroglia

Oligodendrocytes Ependymal Microglia Astrocytes Schwann cell Satellite cell

Oligodendrocytes

CNS Provide myelin sheath

Ependymal cell

CNS Produce CSF

Microglia

Macrophages that move throughout CNS

Astrocytes

CNS Most abundant Support neuron framework Monitor neuron health Stimulate brain capillaries

Schwann cells

In PNS

Satellite cells

Around somas in CNS Supportive role

Electrical potential

Difference btw the concentration of charged particles btw one point and another

Electrical current

Movement of charged particles from one point to another

Sodium potassium pump

Create electrical potential Sodium out/potassium in ECF+/ICF-

Resting membrane potential

Actual value of electrical potential of the plasma membrane when at rest

ICF resting membrane potential

-70 mV (Polarized)

Depolarization

State of the plasma membrane when there is a positive shift in voltage

Local potential

A short range change in voltage along the plasma membrane Graded, decremental, reversible

Synapses

Region where a neuron carries info to a target cell

Components of the a synapse

Pre-synaptic structure Synaptic cleft Post-synaptic structure

Action potential

Dramatic change in the state of plasma membrane Can occur at axon hillock and along the axon length Full strength or not at all Nondecremental Irreversible

Unmyelinated neurons

Starting in axon hillock and ending in the synaptic knob an action potential triggers a neighboring region of the plasma membrane

Myelinated neurons (Saltatory conduction)

Sodium ions diffuse through the ICF to the next node bringing the electrical signal with them internally - signal gets weaker as it goes - new action potential occurs at nodes of ranvier