Nervous system Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Which nerve sends impulses to the CNS?
A
Dendrites
2
Q
Which nerves take away impulses from the CNS?
A
Axons
3
Q
What group of drugs are barbiturates?
A
Anticonvulsants
4
Q
Which barbiturate is safe for a patient with liver damage?
A
Potassium Bromide
5
Q
What are the 3 opioid receptors?
A
Mu, Delta, and Kappa
6
Q
Which opioid receptor causes pleasure and pain relief?
A
Mu
7
Q
Which plant can opioids be made from?
A
Poppy
8
Q
What are examples of opioid drugs?
A
Morphine, Codeine, Hydromorphone, Hydrocodone, Fentanyl, Oxymorphone
9
Q
What are adverse effects of phenobarbital?
A
Hepatotoxicity, ataxia, drowsiness, respiratory depression, PU/PD, polyphagia.
10
Q
Which Barbiturate is short acting, for toxin induced seizures?
A
Pentobarbital
11
Q
What parts of the brain do opioids react on?
A
Brain stem, limbec system, spinal cord
12
Q
What group of drugs are Benzodiazepines?
A
Tranquilizer/Depressor
13
Q
What are examples of benzodiazepines?
A
“-lam”, “-pam”, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam
14
Q
What are adverse effects of diazepam?
A
sedation, CNS excitement, weakness, incoordination, agitation, drooling, increased appetite
15
Q
What are adverse effects of Midazolam?
A
Respiratory depression, ataxia, agitation in horses
16
Q
How is Diazepam used in cats?
A
For seizure prophylaxis
17
Q
What group of drugs are phenothiazines?
A
Tranquilizer
18
Q
What is phenothiazine drug?
A
Acepromazine
19
Q
How does Acepromazine work?
A
blocks dopaminergic receptors in CNS and A1 adrenergic receptors, is noncumulative
20
Q
What are adverse effects of Acepromazine?
A
hypotension, paraphimosis in stallions, nictitating membrane protrusion
21
Q
How do Benzodiazepines work? Which patients are they good for?
A
Increases GABA, but causes no analgesia. Is good for critically ill, geriatric and pediatric patients
22
Q
What are GABA receptors?
A
main inhibitory receptors in the CNS. It reduces the activity of neurons it binds to.
23
Q
What is the pain pathway in order?
A
Transduction, Transmission, Modulation, Perception
24
Q
Which step in the pain pathway is blocked by painkillers?
A
Modulation
25
What do Alpha 1 Adrenergic receptors control?
Vasoconstriction, Increased peripheral resistance, Increased BP, Mydriasis, Increased closure of internal bladder/GI sphincter
26
What hormones do Alpha 2 Adrenergic receptors control?
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine, Insulin
27
What do Beta 1 Adrenergic receptors control?
Tachycardia, Lipolysis, Increased myocardial contractility, increased renin release
28
What do Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors control?
Vasodilation, Slightly decreased peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis, increased glucagon release, relaxed uterine muscle
29
What are cholinergic drugs?
Drugs that act on acetylcholine in the PNS
30
What are adrenergic drugs?
Drugs that act on catecholamines in the SNS
31
What are catecholamines?
SNS chemicals that come from the adrenal glands and the brain, including Nor/Epinephrine and Dopamine
32
How do cholinergics drugs effect the body?
(SLUDDE)Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, Diarrhea, Emesis
33
How do anticholinergic drugs effect the body?
Hot, Dry, Blind, Red, Mad
34
What are 3 Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist drugs?
Xylazine, Detomidine, Dexmeditomidine
35
What do Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist drugs do?
Inhibit NE, reduces brainstem vasomotor activation
36
How does Xylazine work and what is it for? When shouldn't it be used?
Nonselective to A1&A2, used for short-term procedures, an emetic in cats and sedation in horses. Don't use w/GI problems or head trauma.
37
What can Xylazine potentially cause?
Transient hyperglycemia and vomiting
38
How does Detomidine work,what is it for and what animal is it mainly used in?
Selective for A2, used for horses for sedation, analgesia (colic pain, foot abscesses, suture skin lacerations) & muscle relaxation
39
Which drug has largely replaced Xylazine and what is it used for?
Dexmeditomidine, used as a preanesthetic for sedation, analgesic for minor surgery and dentals.
40
What do Alpha 2 Adrenergic Antagonists do?
Reverse the effects of Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonists
41
What are the Alpha 2 Adrenergic Antagonist drugs and what do they reverse?
Yohimbine, reverses xylazine. Atipamezole, reverses Dex, partly reverses Det.
42
Which opioid is not for food producing animals?
Fentanyl
43
Why should codeine and hydrocodone not be used in cats?
Codeine and Hydrocodone are not pure, it contains Ace
44
What are adverse effects of opioids?
Constipation, drowsiness, euphoria, nausea, confusion, bradypnea
45
Name a partial mu agonist drug and how does it work?
Buprenorphine, only acts on some Mu receptors,, 30x more potent than morphine, has a ceiling effect and partiality makes reversal difficult
46
Name a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid and what is it used for? Adverse effects?
Butorphenol, used for moderate analgesia, preanesthetic, causes less depression. May cause sedation and anorexia.
47
What is an atypical opioid drug? What does it inhibit? What is it used for PO?
Tramadol, inhibits NE and serotonin, PO analgesic and antitussive
48
Name a Pure Opioid Antagonist and what it's used for
Naloxone, treats neonates to reverse respiratory depression from opioids given to the mother
49
Name 2 local anesthetics
Lidocaine, Bupivicaine
50
Name 2 General Dissociative anesthetics
Ketamine, Propofol
51
What does Ketamine and Propofol do? Adverse effects?
Ketamine causes general anesthesia, catalepsy and apneustic breathing. Propofol stimulates GABA, is noncumulative, and in cats produces Heinz body anemia.
52
Name a CNS stimulant and what it does
Doxapram, used in neonates to increase breathing or restore reflexes after surgery
53
Name 2 Anticholinergics
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate
54
What does Atropine do? Adverse effects? Which animals should it not be used in?
Antimuscarinic, preanesthetic to reduce bronchial secretions, antidote to organophosphate poisoning, Treatment of sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest, and incomplete AV block. Adverses: Anticholingeric, slowed GI motility. Not for horses or rabbits.
55
What do Antimuscarinic drugs do?
Inhibit acetylcholine
56
Name 2 nonselective adrenergic drugs?
Epi and NE
57
What is epinephrine used to treat? Adverse effects?
Anaphylaxis, inhibits inflammatory response, cardiac resuscitation. May cause hypotension.
58
What 2 cells cause inflammation during anaphylaxis?
Basophils and mast cells
59
What is NE used for?
Improve BP, myocontractility, oxygen delivery to tissues, treats hypotension from sepsis/anesthesia, treats endotoxemia.
60
Name 3 Selective Adrenergic drugs.
Isoproterenol, Dopamine, Dobutamine
61
What does Isoproterenol do? What's it for? Who shouldn't it be used in?
Acts on B1&B2, increases HR, myocardial contraction, peripheral vasodilation, bronchodilation. Mainly for helping to breathe easier. Don't use in hypotensive patients.
62
What is dopamine for? What does it do?
Inotropic, effects B1 and A1 receptors, treats hypotension during anesthesia.
63
What does dobutamine treat? What receptors does it mostly effect?
Treats heart failure in horses/lg animal. Beta 1.
64
Name a beta blocker and what it treats
Propranolol, treats cardiac arrhythmias
65
Which alpha 2 Adrenergic agonist drug is used mainly in horses for sedation and analgesia?
Detomidine
66
What do muscarinic receptors stimulate?
Smooth muscles in the GI tract and slow heart rate
67
Which benzodiazepine is more potent than diazepam but doesn't last as long?
Midazolam
68
What is a sedative that tends to be exclusively used in horses?
Guafenesin
69
Which large animal is very sensitive to the effects of Xylazine?
Cattle
70
Cats receiving Diazepam should have which organ tested before administration?
Liver
71
What are adverse cardio effects of Detomidine, and what can be given to alleviate them?
Initial rise in BP, then Bradycardia and heart block.
| Atropine.
72
Which drug cannot be mixed with other drugs except for ketamine?
Diazepam
73
Why can't diazepam be mixed with other drugs?
Diazepam is fat soluble and most other drugs are water soluble
74
Which group of sedatives also provide some analgesia? What are examples of those drugs?
Alpha 2 Agonists
| Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine, Detomidine, Romifidine
75
Neuroleptoanalgesics consist of what 2 categories of drugs?
Sedatives and opioids
76
Pure opioids can cause hyperthermia and hypothermia in which animals?
Hyperthermia in cats and hypothermia in dogs
77
What can happen if you give a benzo for sedation alone, instead of as a combo during induction?
It can cause dysphoria and excitement
78
What is the brand and drug name of the only FDA approved NSAID for cats?
Onsior, Robenicoxib
79
What are the 3 main side effects of opioids in dogs if given other than IV?
Vomiting, diarrhea, salivation
80
What drug makes a dog poop if given IV?
Hydromorphone
81
Morphine and meperidine can cause what if given rapidly IV?
Facial swelling and hypertension due to histamine release
82
Which anesthetic drug shouldn't be used in head trauma?
Ketamine
83
What opioid can be given to immediately cause vomiting in dogs?
Apomorphine
84
What is the main induction drug for horses and what can it cause?
Ketamine, muscle rigidity
85
What is the reversal for romifidine?
Tolazoline
86
Alpha 2 antagonists should not be given with what other drugs?
Anticholinergics
87
What is the only milky looking drug that can be given IV?
Propofol
88
What happens if you give Propofol too fast or too much?
Apnea
89
Ketamine inhibits what receptor that can treat wind up pain? How long does the analgesia last?
NMDA
| Lasts about 30 minutes
90
What is the reversal ratio for yohimbine to xylazine in dogs and cats?
Dogs 10:1 agonist:antagonist
| Cats 2:1 agonist:Antagonist
91
What is the reversal ratio for atipamezole to dexmeditomidine in dogs and cats?
In dogs 1:10 agonist:antagonist
| In cats 1:6 agonist:antagonist
92
What is the dose of naloxone to reverse opioids in dogs and cats?
In dogs and cats, 0.01-0.02 mg/kg IM or slow IV
93
What do Alpha 2 Agonist receptors do?
Inhibits sympathetic activity and causes sedation
