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Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron staining

A

Nissl stain - stains RER

Doesn’t stain axons, there isn’t any RER there!

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2
Q

Axonal injury

A

Wallerian degeneration - distal degen, retraction proximally

If PNS, potential regeneration

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3
Q

Astrocytes

give functions, stain, derivation

A

Physical support, repair, K+ metabolism
necessary for blood-brain barrier
- holds glycogen fuel reserve

  • marker GFAP
  • reactive gliosis
  • derived from neuroectoderm!
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4
Q

Microglia

A

scavenger cells of CNS

  • mesodermal mononuclear origin
  • HIV: fuse to form multinucleated giant cells
  • not stained by Nissl
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5
Q

Schwann cell

A

1: 1 ratio with PNS cells
- promote axonal regeneration
- neural crest!

destroyed in Guillain-Barre syndrome
- acoustic neuroma

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

1: many ratio with CNS cells
- injured in MS, PML
- neuroectoderm
- fried egg appearance

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7
Q

Peripheral nerve structure
Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

A

Endoneurium: single nerve fibers (site of inflamm infiltration in G-B)
Perineurium: surrounds fascicle of nerve fibers, rejoined in microsurgery in limb attachment
Epineurium: dense connective tissue, contains fibers and blood vessels

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8
Q

Blood brain barrier (3 things)

A

Tight junctions (endothelial cells)
Basement membrane
Astrocyte foot processes

  • glucose/AAs cross slowly
  • non-polar/lipid-soluble cross rapidly
  • no BBB: area postrema, neurohypophysis
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9
Q

Hypothalamus (regulates TAN HATS, give hormones and site of synthesis)

A

Thirst, Adenohypophysis, Neurohypophysis, Hunger, Autonomic regulation, Temp regulation, Sexual urges

Supra optic nucleus: ADH
Paraventricular: oxytocin

Inputs: area postrema, OVLT = osmolarity sensor

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10
Q 
Nuclei of hypothalamus
Lateral
Ventromedial
Ant. hypot
Post. hypot
Suprachiasmatic
A 
Lateral: hunger
Ventromedial: satiety
Ant. hypot.: cooling/parasympathetic
Post. hypot: heating, sympathetic
Suprachiasmatic: ciracidan rhythms (sleep = charismatic)
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11
Q

Sleep physiology

A

Light –> suprachiasmatic nucleus –> NE –> pineal gland –> melatonin

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12
Q 
Thalamus nuclei
VPL
VPM
LGN
MGN
VL
A
  • relay for all sensory information except olfaction
    VPL: STT/DCML tracts (everything but face!)
    VPM: trigeminal/gustatory (face sensation, taste)
    LGN: vision (L for light!)
    MGN: hearing
    VL: basal ganglia, cerebellum
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13
Q

Limbic system functions (5 F’s)

A 
feeding
fleeing
fighting
feeling
sex
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14
Q

Cerebellum inputs, outputs, lesions

A

Input:

  • middle cerebellar peduncle = contralateral cortex
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle = ipsilateral proprioceptive

Output:
- superior cerebellar peduncle = contralateral cortex to modulate movement

Lesions: lateral will fall to affected side, medial will be truncal ataxia

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15
Q

Basal ganglia anatomy

Describe direct and indirect pathways

A

Striatum = putamen (motor input) + caudate (cognitive input)
Motor functions all start in the frontal cortex

Direct pathway = D1R leads to increased GABA from striatum to inhibit GPi inhibitory neurons, leading to increased thalamus activity and increased movement

Indirect pathway = D2R leads to inhibition of GPe, releasing their inhibition of subthalamic nucleus, allowing for activation of GPi and inhibition of thalamus

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16
Q

Parkinsons

A

decreased DA secretion, leads to overall less movement and also less inhibition of movements at rest

-alpha synuclein form Lewy bodies (eosinophilic, intracellular inclusions)

TRAPS: tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait

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17
Q

Huntinton

A

CAG repeats

Caudate loses Ach and GABA

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18
Q 
Aphasia
Broca
Wernicke
Conduction
Global motor
Global sensory
A

Broca - nonfluent, impaired repetition (inferior frontal gyrus)
Wernicke - fluent, impaired comp/rep (superior temporal gyrus)
Conduction - fluent, poor rep (arcuate fasciculus)
Global motor - nonfluent, intact otherwise
Global sensory - poor comp, intact everything

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19
Q

Amygdala lesions

A

Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality (HSV-1 = infectious cause)

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20
Q

Parietal-temporal lesions

Study These Flashcards
A

Contralateral hemispatial neglect

21
Q

Midbrain

Reticular-activating system lesions

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A

Decreased arousal, wakefulness

22
Q

Mamillary bodies lesions

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A

W-K syndrome, confabulation!

23
Q

Subthalamic nucleus lesions

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A

Contralateral hemiballismus

24
Q

Hippocampus lesions

Study These Flashcards
A

anterograde amnesia

25
Frontal eye fields lesions
Conjugate toward the side of the lesion
26
Cerebral perfusion
Driven by pCO2 (central medullary chemoreceptors) | CPP = MAP - ICP
27
Medial medullary syndrome
Paramedian ASA branches infarct | Leads to hemiparesis, decreased proprioception, hypoglossal dysfunction (tongue motor symptoms)
28
Lateral medullary syndrome
PICA or verterbral artery CN V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII all affected vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, HOARSENESS, DYSPHAGIA
29
Lateral pontine syndrome
AICA | Paralysis of face, decreased lacrimation/salivation
30
Epidural hematoma
Middle meningeal, lucid interval, III palsy, transtentorial herniation
31
Subdural hematoma
bridging veins, slow evolving
32
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Saccular aneurysm rupture (Ehlers-Danlos, ADPKD) | Xanthochromic LP
33
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Systemic hypertension, amyloid angiopathy | Most often in the basal ganglia or internal capsule
34
Ischemia histology progression
``` 12-48 hrs: red neurons 24-72 hrs: necrosis, neuts 3-5 days: macrophage/microglia infiltration 1-2 weeks: reactive gliosis >2 weeks: scar ```
35
Pseudotumor cerebri dx, findings, risk factors
increased ICP w/o evidence of cause Diplopia (VI palsy), papilledema Risk factors: Vitamin A excess, danazol (endometriosis drug) Tx: weight loss, acetazolomide, topiramate, shunt
36
Polio/SMA effect on spinal cord
LMN damage, destruction of anterior horn
37
ALS effect on spinal cord
Super oxide dismutase, UMN and LMN lesions
38
B12 deficiency effect on spinal cord
demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts
39
Polio
LMN death in anterior horn | Virus recovered from stool/throat
40
Friedrich ataxia
GAA on ch. 9 (frataxin) | - staggering gait, falling, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
41
Reflexes
``` Biceps: C5 Triceps: C7 Cremaster: L1 Patella: L4 Achilles: S1 Anal: S3 ```
42
Superior colliculi
Conjugate vertical gaze cetner | Parinaud syndrome = lesion, paralysis of conjugate gaze
43
Middle cranial fossa pathways
``` Optic canal: CN 2 Superior orbital fissure: CN 3, 4, 5-1, 6 Foramen rotundum: V2 (maxillary) Foramen ovale: V3 (mandibular) Foramen spinosum: middle meningeal ```
44
Posterior cranial fossa pathways
Internal auditory meatus: CN 7, 8 Jugular foramen: Cn 9, 10, 11, jugular vein Hypoglossal: 12 Foramen magnum: 11 (spinal levels only)
45
Vagal nuclei
Nucleus solitarius - visceral sensory info Nucleus ambiguus - motor innervation of pharynx/larynx/upper esophagus Dorsal motor nucleus - parasympathetics to heart/lungs/upper GI
46
Cavernous sinus
either side of the pituitary, collect blood from the eyes to the internal jugular - CN 3, 4, 5-1, 6 and sympathetic fibers - also, internal carotid - syndrome: ophthamloplegia, decreased corneal sensation, Horner syndrome, CN 6 most susceptible
47
Inner ear
low freq = apex near helicotrema (wide, flexible) high freq = base of cochlea (thin, rigid) Stapes hits the oval window to stimulate inner ear
48
Muscles of mastication
closes: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid opens: lateral pterygoid V3 nerve

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