neuro test 1 pwp_embryology_hematomas Flashcards
Test 1 (130 cards)
1
Q
gastrulation
A
the process of forming the 3 germ layers
2
Q
ectoderm layer becomes specifically 4 things
A
hair, nails, skin, nervous system
3
Q
what special cell develops from mesoderm?
A
microglial cells
4
Q
what other structures comes from mesoderm?
A
muscles, blood vessels, connective tissues
5
Q
Endoderm becomes what
A
GI tract and lungs and liver
GILL
6
Q
what is special about day 18 of the embryo?
A
neural plate
7
Q
what is does the neural plate develop into?
A
central nervous system
8
Q
ectoderm on the dorsal surface of embryo becomes what
A
CNS
9
Q
the cranial portion of the embryo will become
A
the brain later
10
Q
the caudal portion will become
A
the spinal cord
caudal >tail
11
Q
what spinal structure lies ventral to the neural plate?
A
notochord
12
Q
what does the notochord become later
A
IVD
13
Q
neural tube develops from the
A
neural plate
14
Q
neural tube is formed by neural ______ by day ___
A
- folds
2. 28
15
Q
cells from the neural crest will become the
A
- cells of dorsal root ganglia
- sensory ganglia of CN’s
(2,5,9) - post-ganglionic autonomic neurons
- adrenal medulla cells
16
Q
neuroectoderm cells become
A
neural crest cells
17
Q
they are called neuro-ectodermal cells because
A
they are between the neural tube and overlying the ectoderm
18
Q
neuropores are located at the
A
cranial end & caudal end
19
Q
cranial end neuropore becomes the
A
brain
20
Q
3 primary brain vesicles
A
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
21
Q
prosencephalon becomes the
A
forebrain
pro ~ I am for it
22
Q
mesencephalon becomes the
A
midbrain
M&M
23
Q
Rhombencephalon becomes the
A
Hindbrain
24
Q
prosencephalon secondary structure
A
telencephalon (Cerebrum)
diencephalon
25
mesencephalon, does it have a secondary structure?
no it remains the midbrain ~ mesencephalon
26
rhombencephalon secondary structures
metencephalon
| myelencephalon
27
what are the portions of the metencephalon
cerebellum and pons
28
what are the part(s) of the myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
29
telencephalon becomes the
cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles
30
cerebral hemispheres house the
basal ganglia
amygdala
hippocampus
and others
31
basal ganglia is responsible for
coordinated movements and posture. inhibts unintentional movements.
32
amygdala is responsible for what
emotions especially faer and aggression and the sympathetic nervous system.
33
which portion of the brain links emotions to specific memories?
amygdala
34
hippocampus is responsible for
learning and retrieval of short and long term memories
35
how many secondary brain vesicla are there
5
36
how many primary vesical are there?
3
37
diencephalon becomes the
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the third ventricle
38
thalamus is responsible for
sensory relay center, influences mood
39
hypothalamus is responsible for
homeostatic processes and regulates endocrine system
40
Pineal gland makes you
sleepy by the release of melatonin & want sex during specific season
41
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases
oxytocin and ant-diuretic hormone
42
mesencephalon becomes the
midbrain and cerebral aqueduct
43
metencephalon becomes the
pons and cerebellum & upper part of the 4th ventricle
44
cerebellum governs
balance and modulation of motor commands from the cerebral cortex
45
medulla oblongata most directly arises ffrom
myelencephalon
46
function of the meninges
protection and support
47
dura
outermost layer
48
arachnoid matter
spider web middle layer
49
pia matter
innermost layer that adheres the the brain and spinal cord
50
which of the layers will dip down into sulci?
pia
51
leptomeninx
Pia + arachnoid
52
another name for dura matter
pachymeninx
53
dura matter is made up of what kind of CT
dense
54
dura matter consists of how many layer of CT?
2
55
what are the 2 layers of dura
outer - periosteal
(bone)
inner - meningeal
56
separation between what form the sinuses
periosteal and meningeal layers
57
epidural AKA
extradural
58
extradural is located
```
#epi
outside of dura matter
```
59
deep to dural matter is
subdural space
60
how many septa are formed that create compartments within the skull
4
61
epidural hematoma (MOST DANGEROUS) associated with what artery
the middle meningeal artery and branches.
| Located in temporoparietal.
62
what injection would be used on a pt. that has radiculopathy, spinal stenosis, or degenerative disc disease
epidural corticosteroid injection
63
which injection would be given to a woman giving birth
epidural anesthetic injection
64
what are the side effects of the epidural corticosteroid injections
weaken localized tissue > become more frail
65
which CN is most effected what a pt. has a epidural hemorrhage
3
66
when CN III is injured in an apidural hemorrhage it will clinically represent as
decreases pupil size, lens will be more spherical shape, accommodation
67
what are/is the attachment of the falx cerebri anteriorly
crista galli of the ethmoid bone
68
what are/is the attachment of the falx cerebru postiorly
IOP
69
what is the largest dural fold
falx cerebri
70
tentorium cerebelli attaches to
the anterior and posterior clinoid processes of sphenoid bone
petrous ridge
&
occipital bb.
71
the free anterior border of the tentorium cerebelli form what?
tentorial notch
72
what is clinically significant to the tentorial notch?
the midbrain is here and it is susceptible to trauma
"notch is sharp"
73
horizontal partition creates what 2 compartments?
supratentorial & infratentorial
74
what is above the partition?
cerebrum
75
what is below the partition?
the pons, medulla & cerebellum
76
what forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa
horizontal partition
77
T/F:
| The pons is below the tentorium cerebelli
true
78
falx cerebelli divides what? and contains the ______ sinus
cerebellum > R & L hemispheres
contains the occipital sinus
79
diaphragma sellae covers
the hypophyseal fossa & pituitary gland
80
diaphragma sellae forms the roof of the
sellae turcica
81
what is the rationale of the ortho meningitis test
pull on the dura and it will affect all areas
82
trigeminal nerve innervates which region of the dura
supratentorial dure
83
the vagus nerve (predominately), C2, and C3 innervate which portion of the dura?
infratentorial
84
what is the thecal sac and what forms it?
the dura matter forms the theca sac and surround the spinal cord
85
Thecal sac extends from
foramen magnum --> S2
86
posterior meningeal artery is a branch of which artery?
vertebral artery
87
the anterior meningeal artery is a branch of the
ECA
88
middle meningeal artery (MMA) is the _____ blood supply to the
primary blood supply to the dura
89
MMA is a branch of the
ECA
90
MMA enters the skull through the
foramen spinosum
91
Which of the arteries is located extrdural
MMA
92
epidural hematoma damages which artery?
MMA
93
how would an MOI present in the clinical when a Pt. might have epidural hematome
blow to the side of the head
94
what would be the complaints of a pt. with a epidural hematoma?
headache, confusion, irritability, drowsiness, loss of consciousness within an hour of incident
95
where is the pterion of the skull located?
side of the skull
96
epidural hematoma can also cause transtentorial herniation of
the uncus
97
the uncus herniation through the tentorial notch causes compression of the
midbrain, CNs III & IV
| oculomotor & trochlear
98
subdural hematoma takes longer to show symptoms because of?
the low pressure that the venous blood is under.
99
where does the subdural hematoma occur?
under dura and on top of arachnoid
100
which one is MOST traumatic:
| epidural OR subdural?
EPIDURAL
101
where are bridging veins located
between the dura and arachnoid
102
serous fluid is located where?
in the subdural space
103
Arachnoid matter has blood supply?
| T/F
F
104
the projections into the dural sinuses are called ______ _______ and they allow the passage of what?
arachnoid granulations
&
CSF to go from Subarachnoid --> cerebral venous system
105
Arachnoid matter lines the Sulci?
T/F?
F
106
subarachnoid space is between the
pia and arachnoid
107
CSF is located in the
subarachnoid space
108
subarachnoid space does contain Blood vessels?
T/F
T
109
Pia matter is the
innermost layer of the brain and spinal cord
110
Pia mater lines the sulci?
T/F
T
111
Pia mater is binded to the brain by
astrocytes
112
does pia mater have blood supply?
yes
113
spinal block is also known as
spinal anesthesia
114
which one acts faster, an epidural or spinal anesthesia?
spinal anesthesia
115
spinal anesthesia is injected into the
subarachnoid space @ L3-4 or L4-L5
116
Lumbar puncture is also known as
spinal tap
117
Spinal tap is used to
test for infectious agents or to measure pressure or Blood
118
why would some that get a spinal tap done to test blood?
for hemorrhage
119
Myelography is a
radiagraph and the pt. is injected with radiopaque dye to see spinal cord
"imaging of subarachnoid space"
120
when would a Pt. need a myelography?
suspected torn spinal cord
121
Denticulate ligement ois
CT that anchors the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater.
122
Terminal internum is composed of
Pia mater
123
filum externum is composed of
all 3 meningeal layers
124
Meningitis is ussually caused by
BACTERIA:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
OR
VIRAL:
Herpes simplex
125
BActerial meningites is
more severe than viral
126
Bradzinski's test
flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips & knees
127
Kernigs test
hip & knee are flexed to 90 deg. by Dr. and if pn. is ellicited in the neck of back is it positive
128
Name the 3 types of TBI
open
closed
concussion
129
concussion is characterized by
immediate but usually transient loss of neural function.
| blurry vision, loss of consciousness) and dementia
130
primary brain vesicles develop by what week
4th week
