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trisemester 3 TCC > neuro test 1 pwp_embryology_hematomas > Flashcards

neuro test 1 pwp_embryology_hematomas Flashcards

Test 1

1
Q

gastrulation

A

the process of forming the 3 germ layers

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2
Q

ectoderm layer becomes specifically 4 things

A

hair, nails, skin, nervous system

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3
Q

what special cell develops from mesoderm?

A

microglial cells

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4
Q

what other structures comes from mesoderm?

A

muscles, blood vessels, connective tissues

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5
Q

Endoderm becomes what

A

GI tract and lungs and liver

GILL

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6
Q

what is special about day 18 of the embryo?

A

neural plate

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7
Q

what is does the neural plate develop into?

A

central nervous system

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8
Q

ectoderm on the dorsal surface of embryo becomes what

A

CNS

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9
Q

the cranial portion of the embryo will become

A

the brain later

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10
Q

the caudal portion will become

A

the spinal cord

caudal >tail

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11
Q

what spinal structure lies ventral to the neural plate?

A

notochord

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12
Q

what does the notochord become later

A

IVD

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13
Q

neural tube develops from the

A

neural plate

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14
Q

neural tube is formed by neural ______ by day ___

A
  1. folds

2. 28

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15
Q

cells from the neural crest will become the

A
  1. cells of dorsal root ganglia
  2. sensory ganglia of CN’s
    (2,5,9)
  3. post-ganglionic autonomic neurons
  4. adrenal medulla cells
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16
Q

neuroectoderm cells become

A

neural crest cells

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17
Q

they are called neuro-ectodermal cells because

A

they are between the neural tube and overlying the ectoderm

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18
Q

neuropores are located at the

A

cranial end & caudal end

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19
Q

cranial end neuropore becomes the

A

brain

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20
Q

3 primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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21
Q

prosencephalon becomes the

A

forebrain

pro ~ I am for it

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22
Q

mesencephalon becomes the

A

midbrain

M&M

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23
Q

Rhombencephalon becomes the

A

Hindbrain

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24
Q

prosencephalon secondary structure

A

telencephalon (Cerebrum)

diencephalon

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25
Q

mesencephalon, does it have a secondary structure?

A

no it remains the midbrain ~ mesencephalon

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26
Q

rhombencephalon secondary structures

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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27
Q

what are the portions of the metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

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28
Q

what are the part(s) of the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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29
Q

telencephalon becomes the

A

cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

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30
Q

cerebral hemispheres house the

A

basal ganglia
amygdala
hippocampus
and others

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31
Q

basal ganglia is responsible for

A

coordinated movements and posture. inhibts unintentional movements.

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32
Q

amygdala is responsible for what

A

emotions especially faer and aggression and the sympathetic nervous system.

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33
Q

which portion of the brain links emotions to specific memories?

A

amygdala

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34
Q

hippocampus is responsible for

A

learning and retrieval of short and long term memories

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35
Q

how many secondary brain vesicla are there

A

5

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36
Q

how many primary vesical are there?

A

3

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37
Q

diencephalon becomes the

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the third ventricle

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38
Q

thalamus is responsible for

A

sensory relay center, influences mood

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39
Q

hypothalamus is responsible for

A

homeostatic processes and regulates endocrine system

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40
Q

Pineal gland makes you

A

sleepy by the release of melatonin & want sex during specific season

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41
Q

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases

A

oxytocin and ant-diuretic hormone

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42
Q

mesencephalon becomes the

A

midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

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43
Q

metencephalon becomes the

A

pons and cerebellum & upper part of the 4th ventricle

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44
Q

cerebellum governs

A

balance and modulation of motor commands from the cerebral cortex

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45
Q

medulla oblongata most directly arises ffrom

A

myelencephalon

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46
Q

function of the meninges

A

protection and support

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47
Q

dura

A

outermost layer

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48
Q

arachnoid matter

A

spider web middle layer

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49
Q

pia matter

A

innermost layer that adheres the the brain and spinal cord

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50
Q

which of the layers will dip down into sulci?

A

pia

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51
Q

leptomeninx

A

Pia + arachnoid

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52
Q

another name for dura matter

A

pachymeninx

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53
Q

dura matter is made up of what kind of CT

A

dense

54
Q

dura matter consists of how many layer of CT?

A

2

55
Q

what are the 2 layers of dura

A

outer - periosteal
(bone)
inner - meningeal

56
Q

separation between what form the sinuses

A

periosteal and meningeal layers

57
Q

epidural AKA

A

extradural

58
Q

extradural is located

A 
#epi
outside of dura matter
59
Q

deep to dural matter is

A

subdural space

60
Q

how many septa are formed that create compartments within the skull

A

4

61
Q

epidural hematoma (MOST DANGEROUS) associated with what artery

A

the middle meningeal artery and branches.

Located in temporoparietal.

62
Q

what injection would be used on a pt. that has radiculopathy, spinal stenosis, or degenerative disc disease

A

epidural corticosteroid injection

63
Q

which injection would be given to a woman giving birth

A

epidural anesthetic injection

64
Q

what are the side effects of the epidural corticosteroid injections

A

weaken localized tissue > become more frail

65
Q

which CN is most effected what a pt. has a epidural hemorrhage

A

3

66
Q

when CN III is injured in an apidural hemorrhage it will clinically represent as

A

decreases pupil size, lens will be more spherical shape, accommodation

67
Q

what are/is the attachment of the falx cerebri anteriorly

A

crista galli of the ethmoid bone

68
Q

what are/is the attachment of the falx cerebru postiorly

A

IOP

69
Q

what is the largest dural fold

A

falx cerebri

70
Q

tentorium cerebelli attaches to

A

the anterior and posterior clinoid processes of sphenoid bone
petrous ridge
&
occipital bb.

71
Q

the free anterior border of the tentorium cerebelli form what?

A

tentorial notch

72
Q

what is clinically significant to the tentorial notch?

A

the midbrain is here and it is susceptible to trauma

“notch is sharp”

73
Q

horizontal partition creates what 2 compartments?

A

supratentorial & infratentorial

74
Q

what is above the partition?

A

cerebrum

75
Q

what is below the partition?

A

the pons, medulla & cerebellum

76
Q

what forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa

A

horizontal partition

77
Q

T/F:

The pons is below the tentorium cerebelli

A

true

78
Q

falx cerebelli divides what? and contains the ______ sinus

A

cerebellum > R & L hemispheres

contains the occipital sinus

79
Q

diaphragma sellae covers

A

the hypophyseal fossa & pituitary gland

80
Q

diaphragma sellae forms the roof of the

A

sellae turcica

81
Q

what is the rationale of the ortho meningitis test

A

pull on the dura and it will affect all areas

82
Q

trigeminal nerve innervates which region of the dura

A

supratentorial dure

83
Q

the vagus nerve (predominately), C2, and C3 innervate which portion of the dura?

A

infratentorial

84
Q

what is the thecal sac and what forms it?

A

the dura matter forms the theca sac and surround the spinal cord

85
Q

Thecal sac extends from

A

foramen magnum –> S2

86
Q

posterior meningeal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

vertebral artery

87
Q

the anterior meningeal artery is a branch of the

A

ECA

88
Q

middle meningeal artery (MMA) is the _____ blood supply to the

A

primary blood supply to the dura

89
Q

MMA is a branch of the

A

ECA

90
Q

MMA enters the skull through the

A

foramen spinosum

91
Q

Which of the arteries is located extrdural

A

MMA

92
Q

epidural hematoma damages which artery?

A

MMA

93
Q

how would an MOI present in the clinical when a Pt. might have epidural hematome

A

blow to the side of the head

94
Q

what would be the complaints of a pt. with a epidural hematoma?

A

headache, confusion, irritability, drowsiness, loss of consciousness within an hour of incident

95
Q

where is the pterion of the skull located?

A

side of the skull

96
Q

epidural hematoma can also cause transtentorial herniation of

A

the uncus

97
Q

the uncus herniation through the tentorial notch causes compression of the

A

midbrain, CNs III & IV

oculomotor & trochlear

98
Q

subdural hematoma takes longer to show symptoms because of?

A

the low pressure that the venous blood is under.

99
Q

where does the subdural hematoma occur?

A

under dura and on top of arachnoid

100
Q

which one is MOST traumatic:

epidural OR subdural?

A

EPIDURAL

101
Q

where are bridging veins located

A

between the dura and arachnoid

102
Q

serous fluid is located where?

A

in the subdural space

103
Q

Arachnoid matter has blood supply?

T/F

A

F

104
Q

the projections into the dural sinuses are called ______ _______ and they allow the passage of what?

A

arachnoid granulations
&

CSF to go from Subarachnoid –> cerebral venous system

105
Q

Arachnoid matter lines the Sulci?

T/F?

A

F

106
Q

subarachnoid space is between the

A

pia and arachnoid

107
Q

CSF is located in the

A

subarachnoid space

108
Q

subarachnoid space does contain Blood vessels?

T/F

A

T

109
Q

Pia matter is the

A

innermost layer of the brain and spinal cord

110
Q

Pia mater lines the sulci?

T/F

A

T

111
Q

Pia mater is binded to the brain by

A

astrocytes

112
Q

does pia mater have blood supply?

A

yes

113
Q

spinal block is also known as

A

spinal anesthesia

114
Q

which one acts faster, an epidural or spinal anesthesia?

A

spinal anesthesia

115
Q

spinal anesthesia is injected into the

A

subarachnoid space @ L3-4 or L4-L5

116
Q

Lumbar puncture is also known as

A

spinal tap

117
Q

Spinal tap is used to

A

test for infectious agents or to measure pressure or Blood

118
Q

why would some that get a spinal tap done to test blood?

A

for hemorrhage

119
Q

Myelography is a

A

radiagraph and the pt. is injected with radiopaque dye to see spinal cord
“imaging of subarachnoid space”

120
Q

when would a Pt. need a myelography?

A

suspected torn spinal cord

121
Q

Denticulate ligement ois

A

CT that anchors the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater.

122
Q

Terminal internum is composed of

A

Pia mater

123
Q

filum externum is composed of

A

all 3 meningeal layers

124
Q

Meningitis is ussually caused by

A

BACTERIA:
Streptococcus pneumoniae

OR

VIRAL:

Herpes simplex

125
Q

BActerial meningites is

A

more severe than viral

126
Q

Bradzinski’s test

A

flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips & knees

127
Q

Kernigs test

A

hip & knee are flexed to 90 deg. by Dr. and if pn. is ellicited in the neck of back is it positive

128
Q

Name the 3 types of TBI

A

open
closed
concussion

129
Q

concussion is characterized by

A

immediate but usually transient loss of neural function.

blurry vision, loss of consciousness) and dementia

130
Q

primary brain vesicles develop by what week

A

4th week

trisemester 3 TCC (25 decks)

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