neuroanatomy venous & spinal pwp Flashcards
for test 2 (204 cards)
1
Q
cerebral veins have no valves?
T/F
A
T
2
Q
veins have what kind of tunica do they have
and what is a characteristic of it?
A
tunica media
& it is easily torn
& Tunica externa
3
Q
the location of the cerebral veins
A
between the arachnoid and pia matter in the subarachnoid space
4
Q
What vessels connect the dural sinuses to the veins of the scalp? (connection to veins outside the cranium)
A
emissary veins
5
Q
tunica adaventitia is also known as
A
tunica externa
6
Q
superfiscial veins drain what structures of the brain?
A
cerebral cortex & white matter
7
Q
superior cerebral veins drain what portion of the brain’s hemispheres?
A
upper/lateral surface into superior sagittal sinus
8
Q
inferior cerebral veins drain into the
A
transverse & superior petrosal sinus
9
Q
inferior cerebral veins drain which portion of the brains hemisphere?
A
lower/lateral inferior surface of brain
10
Q
subdural hematoma ruptures the
A
superior cerebral veins
11
Q
superfiscial middle serebral veins drains what area of the brain?
A
the lateral surface of the brain
12
Q
superfiscial middle cerebral veins dumps itno the
A
cavernous sinus
13
Q
superficial middle cerebral veins creates anastamosis between
A
superior andinferior cerebral veinsq
14
Q
deep veins drain
A
white matter & deep nuclei
15
Q
internal cerebral veins begin at what level?
A
foramen of monro
16
Q
internal cerebral veins are composed of 5 types of veins but which 3 are important
A
thalamostriate ( located on thalamus)
choroidal vein ( in Lateral ventricles)
septal vein
17
Q
what two sturctures form the great vein of galen?
A
2 internal cerebral veins
18
Q
great cerebral veins of galen joins what structure to form what?
A
inferior sagittal sinus –> to form the straight sinus
19
Q
pathway of venous drainage
A
5veins –> internal cerebral vein –> great cerebral vein of galen –> staight sinus –> confluence of sinuses –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> internal jugular veins
20
Q
transverse sinus drains inferiorly into
A
sigmoid sinus
21
Q
what week does the brain form?
A
3rd week
22
Q
by week 3 how many primary vesicles are developed?
A
3
23
Q
by week 5 how many secondary vesicles are formed?
A
5
24
Q
what are the 3 flexure are known as during primary development
A
cephalic , pontine and cervicle flexures
25
formation of sulci and gyri are at what time point?
3rd month
26
when are ALL major gyri and sulci present
7th month
27
when is the lateral fissure developed?
4th month
28
do sensory areas develop first or does motor?
sensory develops first
29
characteristic of brain during development?
* gelatinous and cortex and white matter are poorly demarcated
30
critical period of CNS development?
week 3- 1.5 years
31
increase of B9 in the critical period of development of CNS will do what?
increase myelination
32
at what point of development is the gray cortex and subcortical white matter are clearly separated and similar to those of the adult brain ?
2+ years of development
33
characteristics of aging brain
number of neurons tends to decrease with age & the greates loss is in the cerebral cortex
34
where in the cerebral cortex is the greatest loss during aging
frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, and primary visual cortex
35
senescence is defined as
neurons not able to divide anymore = getting old
36
characteristics of a senescence cell
change in size, accumulation of age pigment in neuron cell bodies, decrease in amount of nissl substance
37
pathalogical changes in the aging brain?
Involvement of atrophy
cortical and hippocampal atrophy, and enlargement of ventricles.
38
grossly what happens to brain under aging?
decrease is weight and increase in size of ventricles and calcification of the meninges
39
hippocampus helps you with what
accessing memories
40
spinal cord is protected by the
vertebral bodies adn arches &
| their are associated ligaments and muscles
41
spinal cord occupies what fraction of the vertebral canal?
2/3
42
begining and end of the spinal cord
foramen magnum and L2
43
in the embryo what is special about the spinal cord and vertebral canal
it occupies the full length
44
during growth what develops faster, the spinal cord or that vertebral column?
vertebral column
45
External features of the spinal cord posteriorly?
- The dorsal (posterior) surface of the spinal cord shows:
Midline dorsal median sulcus (aka posterior median sulcus).
Right and left dorsal intermediate sulci (T6-C1)
Right and left dorsal lateral sulci (attachment of dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves) aka posterior lateral sulcus
46
The ventral (anterior) surface of the spinal cord features
Midline ventral median fissure (aka anterior median fissure)
| Right and left ventral lateral sulci (attachment of ventral rootlets of spinal nerves)
47
what makes a spinal segment?
outward attachment of paired dorsal rootlets and paired ventral rootles
48
spinal nerve is when
ventral and dorsal roots fuse
49
2 enlarged regions of the spinal cord
cervical and lumbar
50
cervical enlargement segements
c5-t1
| Most of the ventral rami of its spinal nerves form the brachial plexus that innervate the brachial plexus
51
lumbar enlargement
segments L1-S3 (corresponds to vertebral levels T9-T12/L1), its ventral rami give lumbar and sacral plexuses that mainly innervate the lower limbs.
52
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
53
how many cervical spinal nerves?
8
54
how many thoracic spinal nerves?
12
55
how many lumbar spinal nerves
5
56
how many sacral spinal nerves?
5
57
how many coccygeal spinal nerves
1
58
ventral is mainly motor or sensory?
motor
59
which communican comes first?
gray before white
60
dorsal roots of spinal nerves recieve what kind of fibers?
sensory fibers = afferent fibers
61
DRG contains what and where is it located?
cell bodies of axons making the dorsal roots and are outside the spinal cord in the IVFs
62
afferent fibers from the viscera travel in what
| ramus?
white --> myelinated
63
GSE is
motor to muscles
- skeletal muscles from somites
64
GVE is
general visceral efferent it controls smooth muscles and glands
65
special visceral efferent
skeletal muscles from pharyngeal arches
66
GSA
general somatic afferent provides sensory info from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and arches
67
GVA
general visceral afferent - visceral organs
68
ventral roots of spinal nerves contain
efferent fibers; GVE and 14 contain preganglionic sympathetic autonomic givers; GVE
69
C1 is purely?
motor
70
why is C1 purely motor?
has no dorsal root
71
does everybody have a coccygeal nerve?
no
72
2 branches of the spinal cord
dorsal and ventral rami
73
dorsal rami supplies
skin and deep mm. of the back
74
ventral primary rami supplies
supply the limbs and the rest of the trunk through 5 plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal plexuses). The ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves form 11 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve: T12
75
2 other branches of the spinal cord?
. Recurrent meningeal nerves (sinuvertebral nerve): (GSA, GVE)
&
white rami communicans
76
Recurrent meningeal nerves (sinuvertebral nerve): (GSA, GVE) supplies most of what?
supply meninges and IVDs
77
white rami communicans fibers?
GVE and GVA
78
white rami communicans go to the
sympathetic ganglion
79
outermost covering of the spine
dura
80
what is contained in the epidural space?
a. Adipose tissue
| b. Internal vertebral venous plexuses (anterior and posterior)
81
superior boundary of the epidural space?
Superiorly: foramen magnum
82
inferior boundary of the epidural space?
sacrococcygeal ligament covering sacral hiatus
83
anterior boundary of the epidural space?
: vertebral bodies, IVDs and Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
84
posterior boundary of the epidural space?
: laminae and ligamentum flavum
85
lateral boundary of the epidural space?
: Pedicles and IVFs
86
where does the dural sac end?
s2
87
what are dural root sleeves?
extend along the dorsal and ventral roots and spinal ganglia
88
dura mater is anchored by this structure?
filum terminale externum
89
does archnoid have boold supply?
no it is avascular
90
what does the subdural seperate?
dura and the arachnoid
91
subarachnoid space seperates?
pia and arachnoid matter
92
where is CSF & blood vessels located?
Subarachnoid space
93
innermost layer layer of meninges?
pia
94
does pia have blood supply?
yes
95
filum terminale internum is only
pia
96
filum terminale externa contains
all 3 layers pf meningies
97
filum terminale is within the
dural sac
98
job of the filum terminale?
anchors to the coccygeal
99
denticulate ligament?
A serrated ribbon of pia mater that attaches to the dura mater at about 21 points on each side between the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves.
100
Subarachnoid space:
| is it vascularaized?
yes
101
space of the meninges contains
cauda equina and filum terminale internum that float in CSF
102
the space of the meninges get large inferior to the conus medullaries forming the
lumbar cistern
103
lumbar cistern extends from
L2 - S2
104
where would you put a needle to test fluid?
lumbar cistern
105
CSF is drained through what and then into?
venous dural sinuses to the general circulation
106
job of the CSF
acts as a shock absorber as well as diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers (neurotransmitters, hormones, etc.) and waste products.
107
where is the lumbar puncture/spinal tap done?
L2
108
lumbar tap is done for what
diagnostic imaging &
| bacterial testing for meningitis
109
spinal block
spinal anesthesia
110
The needle penetrates
skin, fascia, back muscles, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments and ligamentum flavum, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space and arachnoid mater.
111
epidural block
The anesthetic has a direct effect on the spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina as they exit the dural sac.
112
the lumbar puncture and epidural block both go through what initially?
sacral hiatus
113
how long does the epidural last?
10-20 minutes
114
how is an epidural commonly used?
prevent pain during childbirth.
115
birth canal is innervated by ____ & ____ meaning it wont effect what?
s2-s4
it will not effect the uterus
116
meningities is inflammation in
pia and arachnoid
117
a positive valsalvas maneuver means
be caused by increased intrathecal pressure. This may be due to a space-occupying lesion such as herniated disc, tumor or osteophytes.
118
central area of spinal cord is what shaped?
H
119
the peripheral area of the spinal is
white matter with myelin
120
what levels contain the lateral horn?
t1-L2
121
crossbar of H in spinal cord is made up of?
commissural neurons
122
commissural neurons surround what structures?
the central canal that contains CSF
123
lateral horn contains?
sympathetic nervous system innervating smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, sweat glands and adrenal medulla.
124
AHC are what? and what is their function?
anterior horn cells that are responsible for motor output too skeletal muscles
125
3 columns of white matter
ventral, lateral, dorsal
126
what is different about oligodendrocytes?
they have foot processes that can wrap around and affect other cells
127
each columns of white matter is contained of
tracts
128
ventral has what kind of tracts?
motor
129
lateral columns contain what kind of tracts?
mixed
130
dorsal column contains what kind of tracts?
ascending sensory
131
osteoarthritis can lead to what on the spine?
osteophytes/spurs
132
Cervical region important characteristics?
Large and oval-shaped.
ii) The amount of white matter is greater than any other region.
iii) The ventral horn of gray matter is large (large number of neurons to innervate upper limb muscles).
133
Thoracic region important characteristics?
i) Small amount of gray matter relative to white matter.
| ii) Presence of a lateral horn.
134
- Lumbar region important characteristics?
i) Round appearance.
ii) Dorsal and ventral horns are very large.
iii) Relatively less white matter than cervical region.
135
which part of the spinal cord has a lateral horn?
thoracic
136
- Sacral region: important characteristics?
i) Predominance of gray matter over white matter.
| ii) Smallest cross section of the spinal cord.
137
venous plexuses within the pia mater and drain into what veins?
cerebral veins
138
where are cerebral veins located?
on the surface of the brain
139
where do the cerebral veins eventually empty into too?
dural venous sinuses
140
where are dural venous sinuses located?
in between the meningeal and periosteal layer of the dura mater
141
some characteristics of dural venous sinuses
1. low pressure channels
2. no valves
3. emissary veins connect the dural sinuses to the veins of the scalp
142
dural venous sinuses _______ valves and are located between?
no valves
| located between the periosteal and meningeal layer
143
where does the superior sagittal sinus run along?
mid-sagittal plane
144
where does the superior sagittal sines receive it's blood from?
superior cerebral veins
145
does the superior sagittal sinus receive CSF and if so how?
yes, through arachnoid granulations
146
where does the superior sagittal sinus empty into?
confluence of sinuses
147
where does the superior sagittal sinus drain inferiorly?
transverse sinus
148
inferior sagittal sinus receives veins from what portion of the brain's hemispheres?
upper medial surface of the hemisphere
149
inferior sagittal sinus joins the great cerebral vein to form the
straight sinus
150
what structure drains into the confluence of sinuses most directly?
straight sinus
151
location of the straight sinus?
at the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
152
straight sinus recieves blood from where?
great vein of galen and the inferior sagittal sinus
153
when does the straight sinus become the transverse sinus?
after in travels caudally to empty into the confluence of sinuses
154
location of transverse sinus?
posterior attached border of the tentorium cerebelli
155
each transverse sinus (2) receives blood froom where?
1. inferior cerebellar veins
2. cerebellar veins
3. superior petrosal sinus
156
what sinus becomes the sigmoid sinus?
the transverse sinus
157
where does the sigmoid sinus exit out of?
jugular foramen as the IJV
158
when does the transverse sinus drop below the tentorium cerebelli?
as the sigmoid sinus becomes the IJV
159
sigmoid sinus runs along what structure?
the tentorium cerebelli to the jugular foramen
160
The IJV joins what structure to form what?
subclavian to form the brachiocephalic
161
what sinuses are responsible for the transport of the majority of the venous blood from the brain?
sigmoid sinus
162
where is the occipital sinus sinus located?
in the falx cerebelli
163
where does the occipital sinus receive blood from?
posterior occipital veins around the foramen magnum
164
the IVVP communicates with what sinus?
the occipital sinus
165
IVVP stands for?
internal vertebral venous plexus
166
where is the cavernous sinus located?
along the sides of the body of the sphenoid (sella turcica)
167
cavernous sinus extends between what two landmarks?
petrous ridge to the superior orbital fissure
168
what are the 3 structure3s that drain into the cavernous sinus?
1. ophthalmic veins
2. superficial middle cerebral veins
3. sphenoparietal sinus
169
cavernous sinus empties into what structures?
1. superior petrosal sinus
2. inferior petrosal sinus
3. pterygoid venous plexus
170
superior petrosal sinus drains into
the transverse sinus
171
inferior petrosal sinus drains into
the internal jugular vein
172
pterygoid vein drains into
deep facial vein
173
the intercavernous sinus creates a ring around
the pituitary gland
174
intercavernous has two divisions?
anterior and posterior
175
what connects the cavernous and transverse sinus?
superior petrosal sinus
176
where is the superior petrosal sinus located?
in the margin of the tentorium cerebelli
177
what does superior petrosal sinus drain?
cavernous sinus
178
where does the superior petrosal sinus empty too?
the transverse sinus just before the sigmoid sinus begins
179
what is the MAIN drain for the cavernous sinus?
inferior petrosal sinus
180
what other structures does the inferior petrosal sinus drain?
medulla, pons, cerebellum and the inner ear
181
the main pathway of drainage for the cavernous sinus
cavernous sinus --> inferior petrosal --> IJV
182
basilar sinus/ basilar venous plexusruns along where?
on the basilar part of the occipital bone (clivus) - ramp
183
what does the basilar sinus communicate with?
IVVP
184
what connects the 2 inferior petrosal sinuses?
basilar sinus/basilar venous plexus
185
Is the transverse sinus a single structure or paired structure?
paired
186
Where is the point where the sinus drops bellow the Tentorium Cerebelli?
Transverse Sinus
187
Is the sigmoid sinus a single structure or paired structure?
paired
188
What is the span of the sigmoid sinus?
from the Tentorium Cerebelli to the Jugular Foramen
189
How many cavernous sinuses are there?
2
190
How many Basilar sinuses are there?
1
191
What are the superficial veins pf the brain?
superior cerebral veins
inferior cerebral veins
superficial middle cerebral vein
192
What parts of the brain do the cerebral hemispheres grow over in development?
diencephalon
| mesencephalon
193
What percentage of malformations and congenital deformations involves the CNS
50%
194
The spinal cord, meninges and related structures are located where?
vertebral canal
195
what is the major reflex center and conduction pathway between the body and the brain?
spinal cord
196
What is the tapering end of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
197
Because the vertebral column grows faster in fetal life, what is the orientation of the spinal nerve roots?
They present obliquity
198
What serves as the attachment of dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves?
right and left posterior lateral sulci
199
What is another name for recurrent meningeal nerves?
sinuvertebral nerve
200
What mater covers the spinal nerve roots and spinal ganglia?
arachnoid mater
201
What extends from the tip of the conus medullaris to the dorsum of the coccyx?
Hint*Slender filament of pia mater
filum terminale
202
What is the filum terminale externum also known as?
coccygeal ligament
203
How many times does CSF replace itself in a day?
4-5 times
204
What is the total amount of CSF in the body?
80-150 mL
