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Y3 CORE CONDITIONS > NEUROLOGY > Flashcards

NEUROLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the second most common cause of death worldwide?

A

stroke

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2
Q

where are strokes most common in the world?

A

middle east

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3
Q

what percentage of UK deaths are stroke?

a) 4%
b) 12%
c) 26%
d) 40%

A

b) 12%

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4
Q

what type are 80% of strokes?

A

thromboembolic infarction

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5
Q

what type are 10% of strokes?

A

intracranial haemorrhage

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6
Q

give 3 causes of intracranial haemorrhage

A

hypertension
berry aneurysm burst
trauma
ehlers-danlos

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7
Q

what causes 5% of stroke?

A

SA haemorrhage

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8
Q

give 2 causes of TIA

A

micro embolism

fall in cerebral perfusion

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9
Q

which type of stroke ONLY would you get a headache for?

A

haemorrhage

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10
Q

what classifies a TIA?

A

lasting less that 24 hours

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11
Q

what is recovery like for a TIA?

A

complete

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12
Q

on what side of the body might you expect weakness and numbness in a stroke?

A

contralateral to stroke side

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13
Q

what visual loss might you expect in a stroke?

A

homonymous hemianopia

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14
Q

give neurological symptoms you might expect in a stroke

A

nystagmus
horner’s
dysphagia
Visual spacial disturbance

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15
Q

in what instance could you get dysarthria in stroke?

A

LHS only as speech on that side

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16
Q

what might happen to a patient’s reflexes over the course of a stroke?

A

areflexia to spasticity over time

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17
Q

a brainstem infarct might result in what syndrome?

A

locked in

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18
Q

a cerebellar infarct might result in what syndrome?

A

ataxia

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19
Q

give 3 blood related risk factors for stroke

A

hyper coagulation
thrombocythaemia
thrombophilia

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20
Q

What are the
a) vascular
b) cardiovascular
risk factors for stroke?

A

a) PVD, carotid bruit

b) heart disease (AF etc), endocarditis

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21
Q

What are the lifestyle risk factors for stroke?

A 
Obesity
Smocking
Diet
Hyperlipidaemia
High alcohol intake
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22
Q

give a drug risk factor for stroke

A

COCP

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23
Q

describe the physiological area of an infarct stroke

A

central infarcted area surrounded by swollen ischaemic area (penumbra) which can regain function

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24
Q

hypoxia > fall in ATP > glutamate > calcium channels open > free radical release > inflammation and necrosis is the mechanism for what type of stroke?

A

infarct

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25
what does TACI stand for
total anterior cerebral infarction
26
what are the 4 symptoms present in TACI?
hemiplegia dysphagia hemianopia dysphasia
27
what is a PACI and its symptoms?
partial anterior cerebral infarction, 2 of TACI symptoms
28
what is a LACI?
lacunar cerebral infactrion
29
what part of the brain does a LACI affect?
small deep arteries
30
give 3 symptoms of LACI
weakness hemiplegia mixed sensory/motor
31
what symptoms will you never get in a LACI?
hemianopia or other higher cortical loss
32
which arteries could cause a PoCI?
vertebral basillar Posterior cerebral arteries
33
what symptoms could you get with a PoCI?
``` ataxia brainstem loss pathway loss visual loss Memory loss ```
34
how would you use a CT to distinguish different types of a stroke?
haemorrhage (white) | infarct (dark)
35
what imaging would you use to diagnose an early infarct?
MRI
36
which of these symptoms would not indicate a poor prognosis for a stroke? a) incontinence b) dense hemiplegia c) impaired consciousness d) persistant dysphagia e) numbness on one side
e) numbness on one side
37
Give example of drug used for thrombolysis and total dose? | within what time frame does it need to be given?
Alteplase (t-PA)= 0.9mg/kg | Be given with 4.5 hours of the stroke occuring
38
Following a stroke what treatment should be given long term to prevent any future complications?
Antihypertensives Antiplatelet therapy = 75mg of Aspirin and Clopidogrel (dipridamole alternative) Anticoagulant =heparin and warfarin Statin
39
what surgery might you suggest in an ischaemic stroke?
internal carotid endarterectomy (in stenosis)
40
why might you give dexamethasone in a sub-arachnoid haemorrhage?
reduce cerebral oedema
41
what percentage of patients have another stroke after 5 years? a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40%
c) 30%
42
what percentage of stroke patients die within 2 years? a) 5% b) 15% c) 25% d) 35%
c) 25%
43
how many SAH stroke patients die before they reach hospital?
1/2
44
What causes 70% of all subarachnoid haemorrhage?
berry aneurysm
45
What are the risk factors for berry aneurysm
``` Polycystic kidneys coarctation of aorta ehlers-danlos Infective endocarditis FHx Smocking, alcohol misusse, illegal drug use Hypertension ```
46
what causes 15% of sub arachnoid haemorrhages?
arteriovenous malformations
47
what infective disease can increase the risk of having a SAH?
infective endocarditis
48
what causes 20% of SAHs?
unknown cause
49
how is the headache of a SAH described?
thunderclap
50
where is the pain often in a SAH?
occipital region
51
give 3 symptoms of SAH
vomiting collapse/seizure coma neck stiffness
52
what is Kernig's sign? when does it develop in SAH?
develops 6 hours after SAH | can't extend knee when hip and knee flexed
53
name 3 eye changes you might see in a SAH
retinal/subhyaloid haemorrhage focal neurology pupillary changes (CN3 palsy)
54
what gender, age and ethnicity are SAH more likely to affect?
women Median age is 50 and less than 60 Afro-carribean
55
give 2 lifestyle risk factors for SAH
smoking | alcohol misuse
56
give 3 circulatory risk factors for SAH
hypertension bleeding disorders SIze of the aneurysm
57
give a hormonal risk factor for SAH
post-menopause (less oestrogen)
58
does SAH have a familial factor?
yes
59
what medical imaging technique detects 90% of SAHs?
CT
60
what diagnostic technique would be recommended after 12 hours for SAH investigation?
lumbar puncture
61
evidence of what in the CSF sample from lumbar puncture would indicate that a SAH had occurred?
billirubin (xanthochromia ) = broken down RBC
62
give 4 differential diagnoses for SAH
``` meningitis migraine Tension headache intracranial bleeds cortical vein thrombosis ```
63
what surgical treatment would you recommend for a patient with SAH?
clipping/coiling
64
what 2 drugs would you give for a patient with SAH and why?
calcium channel blocker (nimodipine) - prevents vasospasm | analgesia - pain
65
what complication is a cause of death in 20% of SAH patients?
re-bleed
66
give 3 other complications for SAH
cerebral ischaemia due to vasospasm cortical vein thrombosis Hydrocephalus
67
what causes peripheral neuropathy?
nerve lesions
68
give 5 causes of nerve lesions in peripheral neuropathy
``` B12 and folate deficiency causing severe anaemia CKd trauma DM leprosy ```
69
what is the name for when two or more peripheral nerves have lesions?
mononeuritis complex
70
what is the WARDS PLC pneumonic for the causes of mononeuritis complex?
``` wengener's granulomatosis ( inflammed blood vessels) amyloidosis rheumatoid arthritis diabetes mellitus sarcoidosis polyarteritis nodosa ( vasculitis of medium sized vessels) leprosy carcinomatosis ```
71
give 4 symptoms of autonomic nerve lesions
``` postural hypotension impotence reduced sweating diarrhoea urinary retention Horner's ```
72
what is radiculopathy?
lesions of nerve roots and plexus
73
what is myelopathy?
lesions in spinal cord
74
what action is lost in a radial nerve lesion (C5-T1)
Wrist drop and can't open fist (weakness of finger extension)
75
which muscles would a sciatic nerve lesion affect?
hamstring | muscles below knee
76
what 3 symptoms would you get with a common fibular nerve lesion?
foot drop, weakness of eversion and sensory loss on dorsum
77
what 3 symptoms would you get with tibial nerve loss?
can't invert foot can't flex toes sensory loss on sole
78
what classic symptoms might you get on hands and feet with polyneuropathies?
glove/stocking anaesthesia
79
what is guillain-barre?
demyelinating motor neurons
80
which muscles does guillan-barre affect?
Start in feet and hands then spread to arms and legs. | Later spread to lungs (cause of death)
81
what is the treatment for guillan-barre?
intubate | IV immunoglobulin
82
is recovery for Guillain-barre good or bad?
good
83
what is the main cause for charcot-marie-tooth?
Group of inherited genetic conditions that damage the peripheral nerves
84
what types of polyneuropathy are present in charcot-marie-tooth?
motor and sensory (generalised weakness and loss of sensation) Also get high arched foot and abnormal gait
85
name one lifestyle cause of polyneuropathy
alcohol abuse
86
name 2 endocrine causes of polyneuropathy
diabetes | hypothyroidism
87
name 3 infective causes of polyneuropathy
leprosy syphillis lyme's disease HIV
88
name a renal cause of polyneuropathy
renal failure
89
what causes epilepsy/seizures?
intermittent abnormal electrical activity in the brain
90
what is the cause of 2/3 of epilepsy and seizures?
idiopathic
91
give 5 causes of symptomatic epilepsy
``` cortical scarring developmental severe head injury stroke hippocampal sclerosis Alcohol and drug induce meningitis ```
92
give 4 causes of non-epileptic seizures
``` trauma stroke haemorrhage increased ICP alcohol/withdrawal BZDP withdrawal ```
93
what are seizures often preceded by?
aura
94
what is the difference between a tonic and a clonic seizure?
``` tonic = stiff clonic = jerky ```
95
what is a myoclonic seizure?
one sudden jerk of a muscle group while the patient is still awake
96
a seizure in which area of the brain would be characterised by a deja vu, rising feeling in stomach, strange taste and smell and intense joy or fear?
temporal
97
in which area of the brain would a seizure be characterised by twitching and a wave?
frontal
98
in which area of the brain would a seizure be characterised by numbness, tingling, and a feeling that one limb is bigger or smaller than the others?
parietal
99
in which area of the brain would a seizure be characterised by flashing lights and visual hallucinations?
occipital
100
what is the prevalence of epilepsy? a) 1% b) 10% c) 15% d) 20%
a) 1%
101
what is a simple seizure?
awake with a strange sensation
102
what is the consciousness of a patient having a complex seizure?
loses consciousness
103
does a patient remember the seizure in a complex seizure?
no & is without warning
104
what is a petit mal seizure?
looks like daydreaming 'abscence'
105
who do petit mal seizures occur in?
children
106
What is status epilepticus?
Epileptic seizure that last for 30 minutes or Two or more seizures that occur one after the other without the patient regaining consciousness
107
give 2 extrinsic causes of status epilepticus
alcohol withdrawal | BZDP withdrawal
108
give 3 pathological causes of status epilepticus
trauma stroke electrolyte imbalance uraemia
109
give 3 infective causes of status epilepticus
HIV syphillis encephalitis
110
what is the name of a seizure that occurs in one hemisphere?
partial
111
give a differential diagnosis for epilepsy/seizures
vasovagal syncope | hypoglycaemia
112
what treatment might you recommend for a tonic/clonic seizure? (3)
sodium valproate lamotrigine carbamazepine
113
what treatment might you recommend for an absent seizure? (2)
sodium valproate lamotrigine Ethosiximide
114
a) why should carbamazepine be avoided in a myoclonic seizure? b) What is the treatment for myoclonic seizure?
a) worsens symptoms | b) sodium valproate and topiramate
115
what treatment might you recommend for a partial seizure? (3)
sodium valproate lamotrigine carbamazepine
116
give 2 non-infective causes of meningitis
malignant cells | blood following a SAH
117
what 2 bacterial organisms are the cause of 70% of meningitis cases?
neisseria meningitides A,B,C, W135 and Y capsule types | strep pneumoniae
118
give 3 other bacterial causes of meningitis
``` staph a pneumoccocal = 2nd most common h influenzae ( class b) group b strep listeria monocytogenes TB mycobacterium ```
119
What are the most common bacterial infections for neonatal meningitis?
Group B strep Listeria monocytogenes E.coli
120
what are 2 enterovirus cause of meningitis?
echo coxsackie enterovirus 70
121
what are the 5 herpes viral cause of meningitis?
``` 1 2 VZV CMV EBV ```
122
give 4 other viral causes of meningitis
HIV polio mumps leptospirosis
123
give a fungal cause of meningitis
candida albicans | Cryptococcus neoformans
124
what is the classical triad of symptoms for meningitis?
headache neck stiffness fever
125
give a specific meningeal symptoms
``` photophobia Vomiting Severe headache Rigor Fever Malaise ```
126
what is Kernig's sign?
meningitis - can't extend the knee when the hip is flexed
127
what is brudzinski's sign?
hip flexes when the head is bent forwards
128
what is the characteristic of a meningeal rash?
non-blanching
129
what is the most severe form of meningitis?
septic
130
give 4 signs that meningitis has lead to raised ICP
headache vomiting papilloedema fits
131
What happens in acute bacterial meningitis in the brain?
Pus is congested between the pia and arachanoid layer causing adhesions and consequently CN palsy and hydrocephalus
132
what is the characteristic exudate of TB meningitis (chronic)?
green-grey exudate with tubercles leading to cerebral oedema
133
what is a risk factor for the development of meningitis?
immunocompromised
134
what is an essential diagnostic test for meningitis?
lumbar puncture
135
what is the immediate treatment of meningococcal meningitis?
benzylpenicillin IV 1200mg or Cefotaxime (penicillin allergy)
136
which meningitis instance is lumbar puncture unnecessary?
When the patient has petechial rash and their is blood culture which confirms meningococcal has been confirmed
137
what prophylaxis for kissing contacts of meningitis patients should be used? Neisseria meningococcal h.influenza
rifampicin and ciprofloxacin
138
what is the progression of viral meningitis?
self limiting, benign
139
what two stages in life are migraines most likely to occur?
Infants, young children and the elderly
140
what is the CHOCOLATE pneumonic for a migraine?
``` cheese HRT oral contraceptive caffeine alcohOL anxiety travel exercise ```
141
what is the characteristic headache of a migraine?
unilateral severe pain
142
What other symptoms as well pain do patients usually get with migraine?
Nausea and vomiting Photophobia Allodynia
143
what is allodynia?
all sensory stimuli causes the pain of a migraine
144
what is the main risk factor for a migraine?
family history
145
What drugs are given as prophylaxis of migraine?
``` propranolol sodium valproate metoclopramide Pizotifen Amitriptyline Botulinum toxins ```
146
Triptans ( 5-HT1 agonists) are specific painkiller medication for migraine, how does it work?
Constrict cranial arteries. | As dilation of the vessels are thought to contribute to the symptoms
147
what is the characteristic pain of a tension headache?
Recurrent tight band with pressure behind eyes and bursting pain.
148
where does the pain of a tension headache radiate to?
neck and scalp
149
what is the frequency of parkinson's in over 65s? a) 1 in 50 b) 1 in 100 c) 1 in 200 d) 1 in 500
b) 1 in 100
150
degeneration of what is characteristic of parkinson's disease?
Presence of Lew body which causes substantia nigra loss of dopaminergic neurons affecting the basal ganglia
151
give 3 other causes of parkinsonism
lewy body dementia neurodegeneration neuroleptics (metoclopramide, haloperidol, sodium valproate and MTPP) arteriosclerosis (vascular)
152
what is the name of rigidity that occurs in parkinsonism?
cog wheel rigidity ( lead pipe rigidity plus tremor)
153
what is the type of tremor that occurs in parkinsonism? | How does it spread?
Coarse pill rolling (4-6HZ) Begins usually in the hand unilaterally then spreads Worse at rest and better on movement
154
what is the word to describe the movement characteristic of parkinson's?
bradykinesia | festination
155
what type of reflexes are lost in parkinsonism?
postural
156
what kind of tremor could be confused with a parkinsonian tremor?
cerebellar
157
what drug is recommended for parkinson's?
Levodopa
158
why are anticholinergics useful in parkinson's?
help promote motor systems
159
what drug will be given to prevent daytime sleepiness in parkinson's?
modafinil
160
what invasive treatment might you recommend for parkinson's?
deep brain stimulation
161
give 5 symptoms of proximal myopathy
``` muscle wasting cataracts heart defects endocrine changes myotonia ```
162
what kind of illness is proximal myopathy? a) chronic, slow progressing b) acute, slow progressing c) chronic, rapid onset d) acute, rapid onset
a) chronic slow progressing
163
what kind of inheritance pattern does proximal myopathy have?
autosomal dominant
164
what is steinert disease?
type 1 proximal myopathy more severe more common
165
when is the onset of Steinert disease?
any age
166
what is the difference between Steinert disease and type 2 proximal myotonic myopathy?
type 2 is rarer and more mild
167
is there a cure for proximal myopathy?
no
168
give 2 visual symptoms of multiple sclerosis
double vision | blindness
169
give 2 throat symptoms of multiple sclerosis
dysarthria | dysphagia
170
give 2 neurological symptoms of multiple sclerosis
loss of sensation loss of coordination ataxia
171
is multiple sclerosis in isolated attacks or progressive?
can be either
172
What occurs to your muscles in MS?
Stiffness, spasm and weakness
173
what occurs to the neurons in MS?
Autoimmune attack causing demyelination of the nerves | Causing reduced protection of the nerves and affecting electrical signalling of the nerves
174
what causes the demyelination of cells in MS?
Autoimmune: immune destruction failure of myelin producing cells
175
What are the risk factors for MS?
genetic Smocking Viral infection = EBV Lack of sunlight = vitamin D defeciency
176
what is Lhermitte's sign and in what condition is it present?
MS | electrical sensation that runs down back when the neck is bent
177
how much shorter is the life expectancy of a patient with MS than the general population? a) 1-2 years b) 5-10 years c) 15-20 years d) 25-30 years
b) 5-10 years
178
What is the chads2 score used for?
The risk of a patient with AF having a stroke
179
What is the ABCD2 score used for?
The risk of a developing a stroke after a TIA
180
What does ABCD2 stand for?
Age >60 BP = 140/90 Clinical features = Uniltateral weakness (2) or speach loss (1) Duration of symptoms= >60 min (2), 10-59 min (1) Diabetes
181
Score of what in ABCD2 indicates high risk of developing stroke after TIA?
>4
182
Is the symptoms more severe in a anterior or posterior artery cerebral infarction?
Anterior
183
If thrombolysis is contradictory to treating cerebral infarction what drug should you give?
Aspirin 300mg/day for 2 weeks
184
What is the most common artery to be occluded in TACI?
Middle cerebral artery
185
Before thrombolysis is given for stroke what investigation should be done on the patient?
Immediate CT to ensure it is an infarction and not a hemorrhage
186
What past conditions would indicate the use of anticouagulants such as heparin and warfarin for a patient who has had a stroke?
If they have AF, any lower leg DVT or history of blood clots.
187
What are the treatment options for haemorrhagic stroke?
Lower BP | Surgery if need to relieve pressure or treat hydrocephalus
188
What is Kernig's sign indication of?
SAH | Meningitis
189
Why does B12 deficiency lead to peripheral neuropathy?
Due to damage to the myelin sheath ( protective layer)
190
What are the symptoms in sensory neuropathy?
Tingling and shooting pain Loss of ability to detect pain Loss of ability to detect change in temperature Loss of coordination
191
What are the symptoms of motor neuropathy?
Muscle wasting and weakness Muscle twitching Muscle paralysis
192
Damage to the ulnar nerve (C7-T1) due to direct impact causes what?
Cubital tunnel syndrome= Wasting of interosei and hypothenar muscles, sensory loss in little finger and clawing of the hand
193
Describe the distrubution and affect of polyneuropathy?
Bilateral, symmetrical and widespread distribution | Causing muscle and sensory loss
194
Patient with Guillain -Barre usually have a history of what?
Previous infections such as EBV, CMV, campylobacter (food poisoning) and HIV
195
What are the two categories of seizures?
Partial | Generalised
196
What are the two sub types of partial seizures?
Simple | Complex partial seizures
197
What is partial seizures?
Where abnormal electrical activity is confined to a single area of the cortex in one hemisphere
198
What is a generalised seizure?
Abnormal electrical activity to both hemispheres and always involves loss of awareness or consciousness
199
What is the difference between simple and complex partial seizures?
Simple partial seizure you don't lose awareness for example Jacksonian which involves single limb Complex= loose awareness
200
Give example of complex partial seizures?
Temporal lobe seizures are the most common | Frontal lobe is next
201
If a patient has a partial seizure with a secondary general seizure what precedes the general seizure?
Feeling of aura
202
Who does absent seizure affect?
Kids
203
What is a absent seizure?
It is a primary generalised seizure with no lesion in the brain usually
204
What are the symptoms of a absent seizure?
Very little motor component maybe a flicker of the eye. Last lest than 10 seconds and the patient will loose awareness and feel vacant. Patient is not always aware of the seizure
205
What are the 3 stages of generalised tonic clonic seizure?
 Prodrome  Tonic Clonic stage  Post-ictal phase
206
What occurs in the prodrome phase?
Usually no warning sign | May have aura if its a secondary generalised seizure occur
207
What happens in the tonic clonic stage?
Last about two minutes First have stiffness followed by jerking, The patient will usually bite their tongue, eyes will be open and they may become incontinent.
208
What happens in the Post-ictal phase
Flaccid unresponsiveness followed by coming back round | Confusion and drowsiness = 15min- hour long
209
What are common symptom of brain tumor, encephalopathy and meningitis?
Epileptic seizures
210
How can alcohol cause seizures?
By causing hypoglycaemia or head injury
211
How do you diagnose epilepsy?
Mainly clinically, try to differentiate from syncope
212
What is the recovery speed after a) seizure b) syncope
a) Confusion and headache with slow recovery | b) rappid recovery
213
What is the colour change in a) seizure b) syncope
a) cyanotic | b) pallor
214
What are the triggers for a) seizures b) syncope
a) Sleep deprivation, alcohol, drugs | b) Heat, pain and prolonged standing
215
What are the risk factors for epileptic seizures?
``` Childhood febrile convulsions Brain tumours Significant head injury encephalitis and meningitis Fhx of epilepsy ```
216
What test are done after a seizure?
* Bloods and ecg * EEG * MRI brain
217
Why is EEG useful for epileptic seizures ?
Allows you to understand the cause and categorize the epileptic seizure
218
What is the recurrence rate of somone who has a had a seizure?
70-80% recurrence with highest risk in first 6 months
219
What is the most common cause of epileptic seizures in the elderly?
Stroke or small cerebrovascular disease
220
How does status epilepticus causing renal failure?
It triggers rhabdomyolysis which can lead to acute kidney injury
221
What is a clinical feature of meningococcal meningitis?
Petechial rash that is non blanching
222
What is the infective route in which bacteria infects meninges?
Via direct extension from the ears, nasopharynx, cranial injury, congenital meningeal defect or blood stream infection
223
What is the cause of aseptic meningitis and how severe is it?
Viral cause and symptoms are less severe than bacterial infection. Patients usually recover within 2 weeks
224
Why should CT scan be done before Lumbar puncture?
If their is a risk of coning on the cerebellar tonsils due to raised ICP
225
What bloods should be done in meningitis management?
Blood culture, routine bloods and glucose
226
What changes occur in viral meningitis?
lymphocytic inflammatory CSF reaction without pus formation or adhesions
227
What is the management of septicaemia meningitis?
No LP Treat shock Cefotaxime IV
228
What two bacterial infections of meningitis is prophylaxis used for?
H. influenzae | Neisseria meningitis
229
What is the treatment for H. influenzae meningitis?
Cefotaxime main treatment | Alternative is chloramphenicol
230
What age group does H.influenzae cause meningitis?
2months--> 2 year olds
231
What are the two types of migraine?
Migraine without aura (most common) | Migraine with aura
232
What is a hemiplegic migraine?
Affects one side of the face and looks like stroke symptoms
233
What drug should not be given with hemiplegic migraine and why?
Amitriptyline as it increases the risk of stroke
234
What is initial treatment for migraines?
Avoid triggers Analgesia such as NSAIDS and aspirin Anti emetics
235
What are common causes of tension headache?
High BP Noise Depression and anxiety Analgesia over use
236
Is migraine more common in males or females?
Females 2:1
237
What are the symptoms of bradykinesia?
``` Slow initiating movement (gait) Emotionless face Monotonous speech Dribbling Slow handwriting ```
238
What are the risk factors for parkinson's?
``` Age >60 Fhx Male Caucasian Rural living and farmers (pesticides) ```
239
What drug is given with L-dopa to prevent circulatory dopamine side effects?
Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
240
Give alternative or additional drug treatment for parkinsons?
Dopamine agonist | Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors
241
Give examples of dopamine agonist?
Pergolide Bromocriptine Activate dopamine receptors in the absence of dopamine
242
Give examples of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors?
Selegiline Rasagiline Prevent the breakdown of dopamine in the brain
243
Why is MRI done for patients with potential MS?
Too look at the damage done to the myelin sheath and where the damage is
244
What is the treatment for increasing recovery time in Ms relapse?
Steriods
245
What is the treatment to reduce the severity and number of Ms relapse?
Disease modify therapy such as  Beta interferon  Natalizumab
246
What are the two most common cause of weakened blood vessel to cause haemorrhagic stroke?
arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm
247
In what age do you see symptomatic epilepsy commonly?
Over 60's
248
Is viral or bacterial meningitis more common?
Viral

Y3 CORE CONDITIONS (15 decks)

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