NHP biology Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
NHP that have cheek pouches?
A
OWM in Cercopithecidae
2
Q
NHP that have sex skin?
A
great apes, some OWM (baboons and macaques most common)
3
Q
A newly-acquired 5yo female olive baboon has pronounced swelling of the perineum. What is your primary differential?
a. bacterial abscess
b. atypical tuberculosis
c. normal sex skin tumescence
d. dystocia
A
c. normal sex skin tumescence
4
Q
A naked, moist snout is characteristic of what type of primates?
A
Strepsirrhine
5
Q
Which species have a toilet claw on the third digit instead of the 2nd?
A
aye-ayes
tarsiers
6
Q
What type of placentation do most strepsirrhine primates have?
A
epitheliochorial
7
Q
What type of placentation do tarsiers have?
A
hemochorial
8
Q
What is the dental formula of Strepsirrhine primates?
A
I2/2 C1/1 PM3/3 M3/3
9
Q
Which species have a dietary requirement for vitamin D3 in the diet? Why?
A
platyrrhine primates (NWM) Because vitamin D2 isn't bioavailable in these species
10
Q
What type of primates menstruate?
A
great apes, OWM, Cebus, and some Ateles (spider monkeys)
11
Q
What is the only nocturnal simian primate?
A
Aotus (owl monkey)
12
Q
What type of monkey may have a prehensile tail?
A
Platyrrhine (NWM)
13
Q
Which type of monkey may have ischial callosities?
A
OWM
14
Q
What type of placentation do OWM have?
A
hemochorial discoidal
15
Q
What is a hallux?
A
Specialized nail on the first digit of the foot in Callitrichids that is opposable (the thumb is not)
16
Q
How many scent marking glands do Callitrichids have, and what are they?
A
2- circumgenital and sternal glands
17
Q
What does ‘short-tusked’ mean and to which primates does it refer?
A
Refers to marmosets- canine teeth are same length as incisors
18
Q
What are the two most common genuses of callitrichids used in research?
A
Saguinus
Callithrix
19
Q
Which members of a group of marmosets are able to reproduce?
A
Only the dominant male and female, but all members contribute to rearing
20
Q
A subordinate female common marmoset presents for an annual exam; you note that she has not had signs of estrus in the last year. How do you interpret this?
A
Normal finding for subordinates- only the dominant female will cycle
21
Q
How long is the estrus cycle in Callithrix jacchus?
A
28 days
22
Q
How long is the estrus cycle in Saguinus?
A
22-26 days dependent on species
23
Q
Do marmosets and tamarins have a postpartum estrus?
A
Trick question- marmosets do, tamarins don’t
24
Q
How is pregnancy diagnosed in callitrichids?
A
As early as two weeks via plasma or urine placental chorionic gonadotropin, urinary progesterone, ultrasound
25
What is special about marmoset twins?
Vascular anastamoses result in chimerism in most twins
26
Fraternal marmoset twins are born in your colony. Will the female twin have normal reproduction at maturity?
Yes- free-martinism doesn't happen d/t enzyme system in utero
27
Are callitrichids seasonal or nonseasonal breeders in captivity? In the wild?
nonseasonal in captivity, seasonal in the wild
28
What is the gestation for Callithrix?
148 days
29
What is the gestation for Saguinus?
140-170 days (longer in S. oedipus)
30
What is the most productive NHP species?
Marmosets- short interbirth interval, high twinning rate, long reproductive life span
31
Which of the following temperatures is most appropriate for housing of callitrichids?
a. 61F
b. 70F
c. 75F
d. 80F
d. 80F- warmer temperatures needed to prevent metabolic and cold stress
32
How often should nest boxes be cleaned?
Every two weeks, preferably on an alternating schedule with other equipment to keep scents on items
33
Which NHP species is used as a model of Parkinson's dz, aging, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis?
common marmosets
34
What CITES appendix are Callithrix jacchus?
Appendix II
35
What CITES appendix are Saguinous oedipus?
Appendix I
36
What are the major research uses of tamarins?
viral hepatitis, chronic colitis/colon cancer, cardiomyopathy
37
What is the only nocturnal simian primate?
owl monkey (Aotus)
38
Do Aotus have a tapetum lucidum?
No
39
T/F. Aotus have a higher basal metabolic rate than other primates for their size.
False- it is 20-25% lower than expected for a mammal of their size
40
How many chromosomes do Aotus have?
variable dependent on species, 46-56
41
Which species of NWM are monogamous?
"All copulate privately"
Aotus
Cercocebinae (titis)
Pithecinae (sakis, uakaris)
42
In which NWM species do the males carry the infants?
Aotus and titi monkeys
"Owls and titis carry the load, marmosets share the load, squirrel monkeys are a load."
43
Which Aotus species has some diurnal behaviors?
Aotus azarai, Azara's night monkey
44
How long is the Aotus estrus cycle?
15-18d most common, some up to 22d
45
What is a normal gestation length for Aotus?
117-133d
46
What research models are Aotus used for?
```
Infectious disease:
Malaria- susceptible to multiple species
Oncogenic herpesviruses
Viral diseases- hepatitis A, EEE, dengue
Leishmaniasis
```
Vision
47
Genus for squirrel monkeys?
Saimiri sp.
48
How many chromosomes do squirrel monkeys have?
44 (diploid)
49
Which type of squirrel monkeys are identified by gothic arches above the eyes?
Saimiri sciureus (common squirrel monkey)
Also S. oerstedii (central american squirrel monkey) and S. ustus (golden-backed squirrel monkey)
50
Which type of squirrel monkeys are identified by roman arches above the eyes?
Saimiri boliviensis (Bolivian or peruvian squirrel monkey)
Saimiri vanzolinii (black-headed squirrel monkey)
51
You decide to karyotype some of your squirrel monkeys before starting a project and find out that some of your squirrel monkeys are hybrids between Guyanese and Peruvians. What is the most likely outcome of this finding?
Decreased reproductive efficiency due to karyotypic variations that result in nonviable gametes (50% of offspring are infertile)
52
Your recently arrived squirrel monkeys are urinating on their hands and feet, then rubbing their hands all over themselves and their caging. How do you address this behavior?
a. Increase enrichment to decrease the incidence of the stereotypy
b. Do nothing, this is normal scent-marking on a new cage
c. Perform a urine culture and sensitivity prior to treating the UTI
d. Increase the amount of moisture in feed for at least 2 weeks to resolve crystalluria
b. Do nothing, this is normal scent-marking on a new cage
53
What is 'fatting' in relation to squirrel monkeys?
15% weight gain in males with seasonal enlargement of testes in preparation for breeding season
54
What is the major contributor to high rates of dystocia and stillbirths in squirrel monkeys?
the large fetal-to-dam size ratio, with infants weighing up to 20% of the dam's weight
55
In which primate species do infants actively participate in the birth process by helping to pull itself out?
Squirrel monkeys
56
Which of the following is the most appropriate perching material for NWM?
a. PVC pipe
b. galvanized steel
c. aluminum
d. soft neoprene
a. PVC pipe
57
What is the smallest perch diameter that can be used for squirrel monkeys without risk of tail ulcers?
3/4 inch, should be wider
58
Should a new squirrel monkey be added to an established group?
No- high risk of injury
59
What are special dietary needs of squirrel monkeys?
Vitamin C- like all NHP
Vitamin D3- like other NWM
Folic acid
High protein requirements, especially as infants
60
What other NHP species could be housed with Saimiri?
Cebus sp. live in the same ecological niche and have natural interspecies association, but care must be taken
61
You see an adult female squirrel monkey with slighly pale mucous membranes, a 28% hematocrit. She otherwise looks normal on exam. You compare her reproductive history to the rest of your colony and notice that this year's infants are smaller than average. Based on your primary differential, how do you address this?
Ensure the diet provides at least 200pg/day of folic acid for each monkey
62
What research areas are squirrel monkeys used in?
Neuroscience- CNS, behavior/learning, perception
Cortisol rc studies- resistant to glucocorticoids
Heart failure, cardiomyoptathy
Malaria, TSEs, pelvic organ prolapse
Also infectious dz, genetics, pharmacology, behavioral pharmacology, drug addiction, tox research
63
What NHP species is most susceptible to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?
squirrel monkeys
64
What is the scientific name of the rhesus macaque?
Macaca mulatta
65
What is the scientific name of the cynomolgus macaque?
Macaca fascicularis
66
You walk into a room of rhesus. One male makes direct eye contact with you and holds his mouth open toward you. What is this behavior called?
open mouth threat
67
You are observing a group of rhesus. Two monkeys just got into a fight. The rest of the group are currently shaking their heads, yawning, scratching themselves, and not making eye contact. What are these behaviors indicative of?
Head shaking, yawning, scratching are signs of anxiety or tension
68
Are rhesus seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?
seasonal
69
Are cynos seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?
nonseasonal- all other macaques are seasonal
70
What is the gestation of a rhesus macaque?
165d (same for cynos)
71
How long is the menstrual cycle of rhesus?
28d (same for cynos)
72
What color are cyno infants when born?
They have black hair that transitions to grey or agouti as they mature
73
What temperature range should monkeys be kept at indoors?
64-84F
74
Macaques were imported to the US from India for use in research until what year?
1978
75
What is the primary use of Macaca arctoides in research?
Stump-tailed macaque- balding and behavior
76
What is the primary use of Macaca nemestrina in research?
Southern pig-tailed macaque- HIV/SHIV, gene therapy, immunology
77
What is the primary use of Macaca radiata in research?
Bonnet macaque- Kyasanur Forest disease, reproductive biology
78
What are the largest old world monkey species?
baboons
79
You see a baboon in social housing walking away from you. The ischial callosities are fused below the anus. What gender is this animal?
male
80
You see a baboon in social housing walking away from you. The ischial callosities are distinctly separate below the anus. What gender is this animal?
female
81
T/F: Baboons have cheek pouches
True
82
Are baboons seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?
Nonseasonal
83
What is gestation length in baboons?
180d
84
What type of placentation do macaques have?
bidiscoidal hemochorial
85
What type of placentation do baboons have?
monodiscoidal hemochorial
86
Which of the following housing types results in the greatest reproductive success in baboons?
a. indoor caged housing
b. outdoor run housing
c. indoor run housing
d. indoor-outdoor run housing
d. indoor-outdoor run housing
87
What are the main research uses for baboons?
Coronary heart and lung dz (Bordetella pertussis or whooping cough)
Also atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteopenia, diabetes, genetics, stem cell tehrapy, organ transplantation, repro physiology and vaccine development
88
Genus of African green monkeys
Chlorocebus
89
What genus has a 'red, white, and blue' display?
Chlorocebus
90
Number of chromosomes in macaques and baboons?
42
91
Number of chromosomes in african green monkeys?
60
92
What is an eyelid display in Chlorocebus?
Brow contraction that shows pale eyelid skin during defensive or aggressive behavior
93
Are Chlorocebus seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?
seasonal
94
What is unique to Chlorocebus among cercopithecine primates in multi-male groups?
No perineal swelling/ sex skin associated with fertility
95
T/F: Chlorocebus are territorial even in captivity.
T
96
What are some of the research areas for Chlorocebus?
```
Trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
Genetics
Vaccinology
Hypertension
Neurologic disease
Psychology, social behavioor
Atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome
```
97
What are Vero cells?
cell line from kidney epithelium of African green monkeys
98
What is the scientific name of the bonobo?
Pan paniscus
99
What is the scientific name of the chimpanzee?
Pan troglodytes
100
Family of chimpanzees?
Hominidae
101
What is the largest nonhuman primate model traditionally used in research?
the chimpanzee
102
What is the only animal that closely models hepatitis C infection and pathogenesis?
chimpanzee
103
When did the NIH institute a moratorium on breeding NIH-supported chimps?
1995
104
In 2013, what major decision was made by the NIH regarding chimps?
Retire all but 50 chimps from research
105
What is the gestation of the chimpanzee?
7.5-8mo
106
What is the gestation of Chlorocebus?
165 days
107
What is the minimum social group size for NIH-supported chimpanzees?
7
108
How much vertical space must be provided to chimpanzees supported by the NIH?
20 vertical feet
109
What is the minimum housing space that must be provided to NIH-supported chimpanzees?
250ft2
110
What is the minimum floor space and height that must be provided to juvenile chimps <10kg according to the Guide?
10ft2
| 60in height
111
What is the minimum floor space and height that must be provided to adult chimps according to the Guide?
25ft2
| 84in height
112
What is the minimum ABSL level NHPs should be housed at?
ABSL-2
113
What is the most frequently found virus in NHP caretakers?
simian foamy virus
