Rats Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
Scientific name of the norway rat
A
Rattus norvegicus
2
Q
scientific name of the black rat
A
Rattus rattus
3
Q
Primary research use for: ACI rat
A
genitorurinary congenital issues
prostate adenocarcinoma
4
Q
Primary research use for: biobreeding (BB/Wor) rat
A
diabetes mellitus type 1
5
Q
Primary research use for: brown norway (BN) rat
A
myeloid leukemia
hydronephrosis
bladder carcinoma
6
Q
Primary research use for: buffalo (BUF) rat
A
thyroiditis
hepatoma
7
Q
Primary research use for: Copenhagen (COP) rat
A
prostate adenocarcinoma
8
Q
Primary research use for: F344 rat
A
toxicology
leukemia
9
Q
Primary research use for: Lewis rat
A
MS
autoimmune dz
10
Q
Primary research use for: LOU/C rat
A
myeloma antibody production (IgG)
11
Q
Primary research use for: SHR rat
A
hypertension
12
Q
Primary research use for: WF (Wistar-Furth) rat
A
leukemia
13
Q
Primary research use for: Zucker rat
A
obesity
14
Q
Primary research use for: brattleboro rat
A
diabetes insipidus
15
Q
Primary research use for: Gunn rat
A
jaundice, kernicterus
16
Q
Primary research use for: nude rat
A
T cell deficiency
17
Q
Primary research use for: Obese SHR rat
A
type 4 hyperlipoproteinemia (obesity + hypertension)
18
Q
Space required by the guide for a rat <100g?
A
17in2
19
Q
Space required by the guide for a rat <200g?
A
23in2
20
Q
Space required by the guide for a rat <300g?
A
29in2
21
Q
Space required by the guide for a rat <400g
A
40in2
22
Q
Space required by the guide for a rat <500g
A
60in2
23
Q
Space required by the guide for a rat >500g
A
> 70in2
24
Q
Space required by the guide for a rat with her litter?
A
124in2
25
Cage height required by the guide for rats?
7in
26
Stress and illness result in what symptom characterized by red pigment around the eyes?
chromodacryorrhea
27
How can porphyrin pigment be differentiated from blood?
Porphyrin fluoresces
28
Hearing range of rats?
250Hz- 80kHz
29
What limiting ridge separates the glandular and nonglandular portions of the stomach?
Margo plicatus
30
T/F: Rats have a gallbladder.
F
31
What gland is near the maxillary sinus and may regulate mucous viscosity in the nose?
Steno's gland
32
Describe the female uterus in rats.
2distinct ossa uteri and cervices
33
What is characteristic of the cerebrum in rats and mice?
Lissencephalic (no sulci/gyri)
34
What sits behind the optic chiasm in the rat and is attached by an infundibular stalk to the brain?
pituitary hypophysis
35
T/F: Rats have a foramen of Magendie.
F.
36
What is special about atrial blood supply in rats?
It is mostly extracoronary (unlike most mammals)
37
Most common circulating blood leukocyte in rats?
lymphocyte
38
What type of diet formulation is accessible to the public?
open formula
39
What type of diet formulation is NOT accessible to the public?
closed formula
40
What is a certified diet?
Diet assayed to not exceed a max concentration of certain contaminants that may influence study results
41
What are the 4 pathways mediating calorie restriction?
(1) IGF-1/insulin signaling pathway
(2) sirtuin pathway
(3) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway
(4) TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway
42
When does the vaginal plate open in rats?
40-50d
43
When is puberty in the rat?
40-60d
44
How long is the rat estrus cycle?
4 days
45
How long is rat gestation?
21-23d
46
How much do rats eat/day?
5% of BW/day
47
How much do rats drink per day?
8-11% of BW/day
48
What are 2 ways to detect estrus in rats?
Vaginal cytology
| Electrical impedence
49
When is the earliest GD to palpate rat fetuses transabdominally?
10d
50
Chronic exposure to low light levels results in what peripubertal change/
Earlier vaginal opening, ovarian atrophy
51
What husbandry parameter may contribute to male infertility?
high ambient temperatures- irreversible
52
What is pregnancy wastage?
Fetal loss occuring during pregnancy
53
When do incisors erupt in rats?
6-8d
54
When are pups fully haired?
7-10d
55
When are rat pups first able to hear?
9d
56
When do eyelids open in rats?
14-17d
57
When is the micturition reflex mature in rats? Significance?
15d- need stimulation to urinate prior to this
58
How are embryos preserved prior to implantation into a recipient?
PBS and fetal calf serum
59
When are embyros collected for manipulation?
1-5d after breeding
60
What test differentiates alpha-hemolytic Strep pneumoniae vs other alpha-hemolytic Step samples?
optochin inhibition test- Strep pneumo is inhibited, others aren't
61
Characteristic fibrinopurulent polyserositis is seen with what bacterial etiology in rats?
Strep pneumoniae
62
What pathologic findings are seen with Strep pneumoniae in rats?
inflammation of upper respiratory tract- rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pleuritis, bronchopneumonia, vestibular dz
63
What pathogenic serotypes of Strep pneumo are found in rats?
2,3,8,16,19
64
How is Strep pneumo diagnosed in rats?
Histopath + culture of nasopharyngeal swab on blood agar or PCR of lung/nasopharyngeal swab
65
What bacteria produces pseudomembranous colitis in germ-free rats?
C. difficile
66
What bacteria is associated with adenocarcinomas in Wistar rats?
Lawsonia intracellularis
67
What is the causative agent of streptococcal enteropathy in stunted suckling rats?
Lancefield Group D enterococci
68
Causative agent of pseudotuberculosis?
Corynebacterium kutscheri
69
Species that C. kutscheri affects?
Rats, mice, GPs, hamsters
70
What organ is most commonly affected by C. kutscheri in rats?
lung
71
What type of inflammation is seen in pseudotuberculosis?
suppurative inflammation with caseous necrosis
72
How is pseudotuberculosis controlled?
Rederivation and bioexclusion
73
How is pseudotuberculosis diagnosed?
PCR of LN, oropharynx, nasopharynx, preputial glands, feces
74
Causative agent of Tyzzer's?
Clostridium piliforme
75
What triad of organs are affected by C. piliforme?
Intestine, heart, liver
76
What stains are used to identify C. piliforme?
Warthin-Starry, H&E, Giemsa, methylene blue stain
77
What is the hallmark lesion of Tyzzer's dz in rats?
coagulative necrosis of the liver
78
What clinical signs are seen with Leptospirosis infection in rats?
None- silent carriers
79
How is Pasteurella pneumotropica diagnosed in rats?
culture/PCR screening
80
How is P. pneumotropica treated in rats?
enrofloxacin + rederivation
81
What Salmonella is usually seen in rats?
S. enterica
82
What pathology is seen with Salmonella infection in rats?
mural thickening, mucosal ulcers in cecum and ileum
splenomegaly
white foci on liver
83
How is Salmonella diagnosed in rats?
Culture of mesenteric lymph nodes at nx
| PCR of feces
84
What type of rats have a high incidence of Staph aureus- associated ulcerative dermatitis?
Beige rats w Chediak-Hegashi syndrome (NK cell deficiency)
85
What organ is most affected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunocompromised rats?
lung
86
How is Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated in rats?
Gentamycin
Chlorinate/acidify water
Improve environment
87
What is the causative agent of rat bite fever?
Strep moniliformis
| Spirillum muris in Asia
88
How is Strep moniliformis transmitted in rats?
excreted in blood and urine
| transmitted by bites, aerosol, fomites
89
What are the two most common Helicobacters id'ed in rats?
H. muridarum
| H. trogontum
90
How is Helicobacter diagnosed in rats?
PCR
91
How is CAR bacillus transmitted?
Direct contact
92
What pathology is seen with CAR bacillus infection?
suppurative bronchopneumia
93
What stain can be used to ID CAR bacillus?
Warthin-starry
| Methenamine silver
94
How is CAR bacillus diagnosed?
Serology + confirmatory Steiner stain of tracheal mucosal scraping
PCR of nasal swab
95
What is the cause of respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats?
Mycoplasma pulmonis
96
How is M. pulmonis transmitted?
direct contact, aerosol, in utero
97
What clinical signs are associated with respiratory mycoplasmosis?
dyspnea, snuffling, chattering, oculonasal discharge, chromodacryorrhea, eye rubbing
Also: head tilt, infertility, arthritis
98
What disease is associated with 'cobblestone lung' on gross necropsy?
respiratory mycoplasmosis
99
What is the best method of diagnosing mycoplasmosis in rats?
PCR of affected site or nasopharyngeal wash
100
What is the primary cause of early mortality in conventional or non-SPF rat colonies?
respiratory mycoplasmosis
101
What is the causative agent of hemobartonellosis in rats?
Mycoplasma haemomuris
102
How is Mycoplasma haemomuris transmitted?
spiny rat louse (Polyplax spinulosa)
103
What organ is needed to clear infection with Mycoplasma haemomuris?
spleen
104
What bacteria is associated with impaired ciliary clearance in multiple species and may lead to bronchopneumonia?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
105
How is Mycoplasma haemomuris treated?
Rederivation
106
What family is Sendai virus from?
Paramyxoviridae
107
What genus is Sendai virus?
Respirovirus
108
How is Sendai transmitted?
aerosol, direct contact
109
What rat strains have the most severe lesions with Sendai?
BN, LEW
110
What is the best method for diagnosing Sendai?
MFIA, then IFA and WB to confirm for monitoring
| PCR of trachea and lungs for active infection
111
What is the best way to prevent inadvertent introduction of Sendai into a colony?
PCR on all transplantable biological materials
| Quarantine with serologic testing
112
How is Sendai eliminated from rat colonies?
cease breeding and don't introduce new mice; burnout in 4-8w
113
What two types of coronaviruses are found in rats?
Parker's rat coronavirus
| sialodacryoadenitis virus
114
Are rats infected with one coronavirus protected against infection with the other?
No- antigenic differences result in no cross-protection
115
How are coronaviruses transmitted in rats?
aerosol, direct contact, fmoites
116
What tissue tropisms do rat coronaviruses have?
salivary glands, lacrimal glands, Harderian glands, respiratory epithleium
117
How do endemic infections with coronavirus pressent?
mild conjunctivitis in pre-weaning rats
118
how do epizootic infections with coronavirus present?
cervical swelling d/t salivary gland edema, oculonasal discharge, photophobia, corneal opacity or ulceration
119
How long do clinical signs last with sialodacryoadenitis virus?
7-10 days, reparative process takes ~4w
120
What clinical signs are associated with nude rats affected by coronavirus?
persistent infection with wasting
121
How is an outbreak with rat coronavirus controlled?
Allow virus to spread through colony, prevent new entries and allow to burn out for 6-8w
122
What 4 parvovirus serotypes infect rats?
(1) Kilham's rat virus (RV)
(2) Toolan's H-1 virus
(3) Rat parvovirus (RPV)
(4) Rat minute virus (RMV)
123
What is the most pathogenic parvovirus in rats?
Kilham's rat virus (RV)
124
What is the most prevalent virus in domestic rat colonies?
Rat parvovirus
125
What is the parvovirus species?
Rodent protoparvovirus 1
126
Rat parvovirus has a tropism for what tissue?
Lymphoid
127
How is rat parvovirus transmitted?
urine/milk, aerosol, direct contact, fomites, transplacental
128
Reduced litter size, runted litters, fetal death, and cyanotic scrotum are associated with what very common rat virus?
rat parvovirus
129
Scrotal hemorrhage and cerebellar hypoplasia with intranuclear inclusions are associated with what disease in rats?
rat parvovirus
130
PCR for what component of rat parvovirus is cross-reactive with multiple serotypes?
NS1
131
PCR for what component of rat parvovirus is highly specific for each serotype?
VP2
132
What genus is Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in and what rat virus is is related to?
Cardiovirus
| rat theilovirus
133
Where does rat theilovirus replicate
small intestinal enterocytes
134
Experimental injection with which theilovirus strain induces paralysis in weanling rats?
MHG
135
What is the best way to diagnose rat theilovirus?
serology best
| PCR of feces/intestine for active infection
136
What is the reservoir host for group B rotavirus in rats?
humans (eww)
137
Epithelial syncytia in the small intestine of infant rats is pathognomonic for what disease?
group B rotavirus
138
Pneumonia virus of mice is in what family?
Paramyxoviridae
139
Pneumonia virus of mice is diagnosed how in rats?
serology, PCR of trachea/lungs for active infection
140
How is hantavirus diagnosed in rats?
serology
141
Norway rats are natural hosts for what type of hantavirus?
Seoul
142
Cotton rats are the primary reservoir for hantaviruses resulting in what syndrome?
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
143
Seoul and Hantaan virus result in what syndrome in humans?
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
144
Hantavirus has a tropism for what tissues?
vascular smooth muscle, endothelium
145
What is the reservoir of cowpox virus in Europe?
wild rats
146
What are the 3 most significant protozoal diseases in rats?
Giardia
Spironucleus
Encephalitozoon
147
Rats are the intermediate host for what apicomplexan parasite that affects cats?
Toxoplasma gondii
148
What is a significant side effect of treatment with metronidazole in rats and mice?
carcinogenic, teratogenic
149
What is the most common oxyurid of rats?
Syphacia muris
150
How is S. muris differentiated from Syphacia obvelata?
Syphacia muris slightly smaller with longer tail and smaller eggs that are only slightly flattened on one side
151
How long is the life cycle of Syphacia?
11-15d
152
How long is the life cycle of Aspicularis?
23-25d
153
How is Aspicularis diagnosed?
fecal float, PCR, intestinal contents
154
How is Syphacia diagnosed?
PCR, tape test, intestinal contents
155
How are Aspicularis and Syphacia treated?
fenbendazole, ivermectin, avermectin, levamisole
156
What nematode infests the urinary bladder of rats?
Trichosomoides crassicauda
157
How is Trichosomoides crassicauda diagnosed?
urine filtration + exam of filter medium antemortem
| postmortem by exam of bladder wall + histopath
158
How is Trichosomoides crassicauda treated?
ivermectin
159
What are the two most important cestodes in rats?
Rodentolepis nana
| Hymenolepis diminuta
160
What cestode can have a direct OR indirect life cycle?
Rodentolepis nana
161
How do you differentiate H. diminuta from R. nana?
R. nana have a polar filament and hooked rostellum on adults
162
Cysts of Taenia taeniaformis on the liver are associated with what sequela?
hepatic sarcoma
163
Where is R. nana found in the GIT?
SI
164
What immune response is elicited by infection with cestodes?
host Th2 type immune response
165
What is the most common fur mite in rats?
Radfordia ensifera
166
What clinical signs are seen with fur mites in rats?
Pruritis, 2' bacterial infection
167
What is the most sensitive way to diagnose fur mites?
PCR
168
How are fur mites treated in rats?
Selamectin, cross-fostering, rederivation
169
What immune response is elicited by infection with fur mites?
host Th2 immune response resulting in elevated IgE
170
What are two blood sucking mites that live in the environment and are only found on rats during feeding?
Ornithonyssus bacoti
| Laelaps echidnina
171
What is the most common rat louse?
Polyplax spinulosa
172
What fungal organism causes uncontrolled proliferation of foamy material in the alveoli when it infects immunocompromised mice?
Pneumocystis carinii
173
What stain is used to identify Pneumocystis carinii?
methenamine silver stain
174
What disease is caused by Pneumocystis carinii?
interstitial pneumonia
175
How is Pneumocystis carinii diagnosed?
PCR of lung tissue, serology 6-8w after infection
176
P. carinii infection in rats is a model of what disease?
P. jirovecii pneumonitis in humans
177
What are 3 rat models of hypertension?
SHR
Fawn-hooded
Dahl salt-sensitive
178
A high incidence of eosinophilic granulomatous pulmonary inflammation is found in what rat strain?
brown norway
179
What is the primary use of brown norway rats?
allergy and asthma
180
Polyarteritis nodosa is found in what two rat strains?
Sprague-Dawley
| SHR
181
What organ is NOT affected by polyarteritis nodosa in rats?
lung
182
High light levels can result in what 3 conditions?
Retinal degeneration
Harderian gland necrosis
Infertility
183
Chloral hydrate administration results in what condition?
adynamic ileus up to 5w after administration
184
What anesthetic combination results in corneal lesions due to vasoconstriction of ciliary and iridial vessels?
ketamine-xylazine
185
NSAIDS result in what sequelae?
renal papillary and tubular necrosis
186
What is the most common tumor type in rats?
mammary tumors
187
What type of rat has the highest incidence of mammary gland tumors?
SD
| Also F344, Wistar Han
188
Interstitial cell tumors are found most often in what rat?
F344
189
Pituitary gland tumors are seen most often in what rats?
SD, F344, Wistar Han
190
Pituitary gland tumors are most often what origin?
Chromophobe adenoma from pars distalis
| Prolactin-producing most common
191
What type of adrenal gland tumor is most common in rats?
pheochromocytoma
192
What is a major cause of death in F344 rats?
large granular lymphocytic leukemia
193
What type of rat is prone to mesothelioma?
F344
194
What is the most common congenital abnormality in rats?
hydronephrosis
195
What rat strain has the highest incidence of congenital hydronephrosis?
Gunn (dominant inheritance)
196
Wistar-kyoto rats have a high incidence of what congenital abnormalities?
ventricular septal defects, right ventricular hypertrophy
197
What is the primary use of Wistar-kyoto rats?
control for outbred SHR rats
198
What rat is used as a model of audogenic seizures?
Wistar
199
What rat type has a predisposition to corneal mineralization?
F344
200
The testicular-feminized rat is prone to what condition?
tfm is gene
| see male pseudohermaphroditism
201
What is one of the most common causes of death in rats on long-term/lifetime studies?
chronic progressive nephropathy
202
What sequela of CPN leads to dystrophic mineralization?
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
203
What gender and type of rat most commonly get CPN?
male SD, F344
204
Pitting of the cortical surface of the kidney in aged rats is most often due to what condition?
CPN
205
Nephrocalcinosis is seen most often in what rats?
female F344, BDIX
206
What is deposited in the tissues with nephrocalcinosis?
calcium phosphate at the renal corticomedullary junction
207
UTIs are most common in what type of rat?
Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat
208
What is a major cause of death in ad lib-fed SD males?
chronic myocardial disease
209
What are gross lesions characteristic of chronic myocardial disease?
ventricular hypertrophy, pale streaks
210
Age-associated hair loss is most common in what type of rat?
BN
211
T or F: Rats show the Whitten and Bruce effect.
F
212
When does implantation of the blastocyst occur?
5 days
213
How many pairs of mammary glands do rats have?
6
214
Reflexive withdrawal from noxious stimulation is observed as early as what embryonic day in the rat?
a. E14
b. E15
c. E16
d. E17
e. E18
d. E17
