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ENT > Nose, throat and tonsil pathology > Flashcards

Nose, throat and tonsil pathology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What should you not use to diagnosis rhino or sinusitis?

A

XR

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2
Q

What two broad categories of rhino/sinusitis are there?

A

Infective

Non-infective

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3
Q

What can cause infective rhino/sinusitis?

A

Common cold mainly

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4
Q

What are some symptoms of infective rhino/sinusitis?

A

Facial pain
Discharge
Nasal blockage

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5
Q

How do you treat infective rhino/sinusitis?

A

Decongestants
Analgesics
Antibiotics- if chronic

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6
Q

What two categories of non-infective rhino/sinusitis are there?

A

Allergic

Non-allergic

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7
Q

What can cause non-allergic rhino/sinusitis?

A

Polyps

Vasomotor rhinitis

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8
Q

What kind of reaction is allergic rhino/sinusitis?

A

IgE mediated Type 1 HS

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9
Q

How do you treat allergic rhino/sinusitis?

A

Avoidance
Antihistamines
Topical steroids
Combination

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10
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Swellings of the nasal mucosa

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11
Q

What can cause nasal polyps?

A 
Infection
Allergic
Asthma
Aspirin
Nickel exposure
CF
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12
Q

How do you treat nasal polyps?

A

oral steroids
topical steroids
Surgery

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13
Q

What is Granulomatosis with polyangiitis commonly called and where does it affect?

A

Wenger’s

Nose

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14
Q

What is Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels in the nose

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15
Q

What can cause Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

Autoimmune

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A 
Necrosis
Small vessel vasculitis
Pulmonary and renal disease
Septal perforation
ANCA +ive
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17
Q

What benign tumours can affect the nose?

A

Squamous papilloma
Angiofibromas
Schneiderian papillomas

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18
Q

What causes Schneiderian papillomas?

A 
HPV
Smoking
Solvent abuse
welding
>50yo
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19
Q

What is a symptom of Schneiderian papillomas?

A

Nasal blockage

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20
Q

What malignant tumour can affect the nose?

A

SCC

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21
Q

What 4 ‘unique’ cancers can affect the nose?

A

Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Primary adenocarcinoma
Neuroblastoma

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22
Q

What can cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

EBV

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23
Q

Where are laryngeal polyps/nodules found?

A

Throat

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24
Q

Differentiate a laryngeal polyp from a nodule

A

Polyp- unilateral

Nodule- bilateral

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25
What can cause laryngeal polyps/nodules?
Vocal abuse Infection Smoking Hypothyroidism
26
What is an ulcer in the throat?
Benign response to injury
27
Where are throat ulcers usually found?
Posterior vocal cord
28
What can cause throat ulcers?
Chronic throat clearing Voice abuse GORD Intubation
29
What can cause papillomas in the throat?
HPV 6 and 11
30
What cancer is common in the throat?
SCC
31
What can cause SCC in the throat?
HPV Smoking Alcohol
32
What two forms of paraganglioma are there?
Chormaffin positive | Non-Chromaffin
33
What are some causes of airway obstruction?
``` Inflammation- Allergic and infective Foreign bodies Compression Trauma Neurological neoplastic Burn ```
34
What makes children susceptible to choking?
``` Big heads Small nostrils Obligate nasal breathers Large tongues Small soft larynx Weak neck muscles Narrow subglottis ```
35
What things can affect the tonsils?
``` Tonsillitis (acute and chronic) Obstructive hyperplasia Malignancy Tonsil crypt debris / tonsiliths Otitis media with effusion Glandular fever/infectious mononucleosis ```
36
What can cause acute tonsillitis?
Viral (major) | Bacterial
37
What viruses cause acute tonsillitis?
EBV Rhinovirus Influenza
38
Give some differentials for acute tonsillitis?
``` URTI Infectious mononucleosis Peritonsular abscess Candida infection malignancy Diptheria Scarlet fever ```
39
What are some symptoms of viral acute tonsillitis?
``` Malaise Fever Sore throat Lymphadenopathy Lasts 3-4 days ```
40
What are some symptoms of bacterial acute tonsillitis?
``` Systemic upset Fever Odynophagia Halitosis Lymphadenopathy Lasts longer than a week ```
41
How do you treat acute tonsillitis?
Support AB- penicillin or clarithromycin Surgery
42
What is a complication of acute tonsillitis?
Peritonsillar abscess
43
What are some symptoms of a peritonsillar abscess?
Unilateral throat pain 3-7 days after tonsilitis Medial displacement of uvula Concavity of palate
44
What is the major cause of chronic tonsillitis?
Bacteria
45
What bacteria can cause chronic tonsillitis?
Strep pyogenes S. Aureus H. Influenza Strep pneumonia
46
What are some symptoms of chronic tonsillitis?
``` Chronic sore throat Bad breath Tonsilloliths Peritonsillar erythema Lymphadenopathy ```
47
What two areas can cause obstructive hyperplasia?
Adenoids | Tonsilis
48
Give some symptoms of adenoid obstructive hyperplasia?
Obligate mouth breathing Hyponasal voice Snoring AOM/OME
49
Give some symptoms of tonsil obstructive hyperplasia?
Snoring Muffled voice Dysphagia
50
What is the common name for infectious mononucleosis
Glandular fever
51
What is glandular fever?
Infectious mononucleosis
52
What causes Infectious mononucleosis?
EBV
53
What are some symptoms of Infectious mononucleosis?
Gross tonsillar enlargement with exudate Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly Low CRP
54
how do you treat Infectious mononucleosis?
Symptomatic treatment Antibiotics Steroids No ampicillin!!!
55
What must you not use in Infectious mononucleosis?
AMPICILLIN!!!
56
What pathology can you get in the salivary glands?
Sialolithiasis
57
What is Sialolithiasis?
Stones in salivary glands
58
What virus can infect the salivary glands?
Paramyxovirus- causes mumps
59
What benign tumours can affect the salivary glands?
Pleomorphic adenomas Warthins Oncocytoma Monomorphic
60
What malignant tumours can affect the salivary glands?
Mucoepidermoid Adenoid cyst Acinci cell carcinoma SSC

ENT (10 decks)

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