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Clinical & Neuropsychology > NP: Chapter 1 History of neuropsychology > Flashcards

NP: Chapter 1 History of neuropsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

hippocrates zei

A

400 BC

all abnormal behaviours & emotions stemmed from the workings of the brain

The ancient Greek believed that each of the 4 humors was a result of an excess of one of the 4 bodily fluids. For them, the excess amount of fluids determined a person’s character. The 4 humors included choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), sanguine (blood) and phlegmatic (phlegm).
balance between fluids = health

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2
Q

descartes

A

1600

Soul is an independent entity that is located in the pineal gland
i think therefore i am

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3
Q

franz joseph gall

A

1800

many mental organs located in the gray matter/cortex of the brain -> prenology

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4
Q

cell theory

A

cavities in the brain (ventricles, toen cells) were the site of the mind, divided.
1. receive info from senses
2. interpret the image
3. stored the image (memory)

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5
Q

ancient greeks: 3 forms of a soul

A
  • survival via food intake
  • activities or an organism in relation to the environment
  • distinguishing between good and bad (psychikon hegemonikon= guiding principle)

only humans had these 3 forms.

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6
Q

descartes nog een keer overzichtje

A

mind and body are distinct.
mind = thinking, body = extension, non-thinking

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7
Q

gall nog een keer overzicht

A

all mental/psychological functions are innate
all functions are localized in a part of the brain = phrenology
cortex plays a crucial role
slecht voor de church

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8
Q

jean martin charcot

A

linked clinical signs to anatomical lesions

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9
Q

jean martin charcot steps

A
  1. documentation of clinical signs
  2. wait till mortem, autopsy
  3. link
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10
Q

holism =

A

trying to understand the human mind and behaviour as a whole. people are more than simply the sum of their parts

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11
Q

reductionism/localization

A

trying to break down things into their smaller parts, reduce

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12
Q

luria

A

the first person to focus on rehabilitation of patients with cognitive disorders.
balance between holism and localization

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13
Q

halstead

A

effect of brain injury on intelligence
made the halstead-reitan iq test battery

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14
Q

1960 two developments that lead to neuropsych. as a separate discipline

A
  • geschwind; encouraged ppl to work on the basis of wernickes framework (for charting the functioning of the brain) -> double dissociations
  • roger sperry: split brain surgery lead to the knowledge of specialized functions of each hemisphere
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15
Q

fodor

A

believed that language ability is innate, we have no awareness about them and no control.

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16
Q

module van fodor =

A

functionally specialized cognitive systems that have multiple features but not necessarily all at the same time.

Modularity of mind is the notion that a mind may, at least in part, be composed of innate neural structures or mental modules which have distinct, established, and evolutionarily developed functions.

denkt dus dat iig een deel van het brein door innate neural structures composed is

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17
Q

4 characteristics van modules

A
  1. only process certain information = domain specific
  2. innate
  3. carries out its work regardless of what other processes are occuring
  4. computationally autonomous and has its own neural architecture

independent autonomous innate domain specific

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18
Q

artistoteles

A

mind is seperate from, and independent of, the body and the senses

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19
Q

hypocrates

A

the brain is the seat of the thought

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20
Q

thucydides

A

survivors of the pest:

“For the disorder which had
originally settled in the head
passed gradually through the
whole body, …. Some again had
no sooner recovered than they
were seized with a forgetfulness
of all things and knew neither
themselves nor their friends.

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21
Q

galen did…

A

wrote the standard textbook on medicine, influenced by the theory of humorism.

4 humours should be balenced, too much leads to:
* red blood: friendly with a rosey tinted appearance.
* yellow bile: bitter, short tempered, and with yellow skin.
* black bile: lazy, fearful and sickly with black hair and
black eyes.
* phlegm: low spirited, forgetful, and with white hair.

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22
Q

wat zei galen later

A

mental functions are carried out by the gray and white matter of the brain (door animal dissections)

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23
Q

waarom lastig om vroeger brain-behaviour relationships te onderzoeken

A

omdat het verboden was om op mensen te experimenteren

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24
Q

herophilus

A

not the brain itself, but the ventricles are the seat of intellect
3th for cognition
4th for memory

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25
vesalius
founder of brain anatomy
26
descartes globaal
The mind is undivided, independent and immaterial; located in the pineal gland in te brain.
27
descartes namen body and mind
body = res extensa (reflective) mind = res cogitans (operates seperately but controls the body)
28
lavater
physiognomy protuding eyes = languages protuberance behind ears = aggression
29
phrenology
door gall, observing/feeling the skull to determine an individuals psychological attributes
30
4 concepts of gall
1. the brain is the seat of our mental abilities, 2. the different mental abilities are carried out by separate “organs”, 3. these organs can be discerned easily on the basis of brain morphology, 4. the size of an organ is directly related to the profiency in that mental ability
31
flourens
experimental studies w/ pigeons and rabbits -> cortex as a whole carries out all functions. the more you remove, the more impairment = action propre
32
waarom was galls theory dismissed
door experimenteren met animals en action propre meer acceptable bij de church
33
tot hoelang is phrenology doorgegaan
1900
34
eerste science met brain function was door
broca: met patient Lebrogne (= Tan) => argues for clinicopathological correlation between speech disorders and left frontal lobe
35
wie was de founding father of neurology
jean martin charcot ook founding father of the diagram makers
36
waar werkte jean martin charcot aan
MS parkinson hysteria systematic neurological examination
37
method of the diagram makers =
- observe impaired behavior - wait till they die - determine the lesion via post-mortem dissection
38
eerste rontgen scan
1895 -> bone defects
39
who invented angiogram
egas moniz in 1949 voor blood supply system
40
wernicke made the distinction between...
impairments in the understanding (left temporal lobe) and the production of language (left frontal lobe). In addition, he makes a prediction about the consequences of damage to the arcuate fasciculus that connects these two regions.
41
lichtheim
(1885): reports on a patient as predicted by Wernicke. He can understand and produce language but is unable to repeat what is said to him (“conduction aphasia”).
42
dus welke impairment stond centraal bij the diagram makers
conduction aphasia
43
hughlings jackson
patient eliza, large tumor in posterior brain. had imperception: everything looked unfamiliar to her. shes not blind tho!
44
hoe noemde stauffenberg deze disease van patient eliza later
seelenblindheit.
45
hoe zie je seelenblindheit in experiment
With reference to the lesion studies on dogs by Hermann Munk (1878): blindness after lesioning the posterior occipital cortex. The dogs were able to navigate effectively but showed no sign that they recognized objects in front of them
46
lissauer 2 vormen van seelenblindheit
apperceptieve seelenblindheit associatieve seelenblindheit
47
apperceptieve
visual recognition deficit after brain damage caused by an impoverished internal description of the outside world.
48
associatieve
visual recognition deficit after brain damage caused by a disorder in associating the internal description with stored information concerning earlier encounters with that object
49
dus verschil apperceptieve en associatieve seelenblindheit
apperceptief = impoverished internal description associatieve = association between internal description with stored information is disrupted
50
what does a single association imply
serial organisation!
51
Déjerine (1882):
pure alexia: A patient with damage in the left posterior hemisphere and in the posterior corpus callosum who is left unable to read. Even single letters are no longer recognised. However, he can still recognise and name objects
52
wilbrand
Reports on a patient with bilateral posterior brain damage who is unable te recognise common objects or familiar faces. However, this patient remained proficient at reading. Dejerine’s and Wilbrands’s patients together provide evidence for a “double dissociation”. The diagram makers
53
double dissociation provides evidence for...
A “double dissociation” provides evidence for a parallel organisation: visual recognition of tekst and objects may become disrupted independently
54
who found the journal brain
Hughlings Jackson founds the, now prestigious, journal Brain and in it appear many diagram papers on brain-behaviour relationships
55
wat vond freud als kritiek
- The one-to-one relationship between brain localisations and behavioural function is not tenable. - The relative immaturity of psychological theory is preventing progress in our understanding of the brain. - We need to develop first more advanced psychological models
56
holism =
the brain works as an integrated whole
57
peirre marie
aphasia is a single disorder
58
kurt goldstein =
holistic approach -> self actualisation (the brain adapts in an integrated manner to loss of function)
59
waardoor grote stappen in neuropsych
ww2 -> veel survivorswith penetrating head injuries
60
aleksandr luria
studies of brain injured soldiers. He proposed a synthesis suggesting that the brain consists of different subsystems and that the complex interactions between the subsystems is responsible for behaviour
61
sperry=
disconnection of the two hemispheres = split brain patients. lateralisation!
62
pinto et al
interaction between visual field and response hand
63
pinto et al resultaten
geen verschil in detection van circles bij normaal en split brain patients. ook weinig verschil in verbal, right hand and left hand, dus waarschijnlijk is er nog communicatie tussen de twee hemisferen bij split brain patients!
64
wat nog meer door ww2
development of IQ testen en test batteries Robert Yerkes (1876-1956) developed the Army's Alpha and Beta Intelligence Tests for the psychological examination of recruits. - Wechsler Adult Intelligende Scale - Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
65
lashley
studied patients with gunshot wounds from WWII (especially the frontal lobes) with neuropsychological tests and concluded that there was no evidence for functional specialisation. He called this the principle of equipotentiality: “Mass action”. Not again? Obviously, the brain is a complex system. (weer nieuwe versie van action propre)
66
wat was action propre dus
het brein werkt samen, geen localisation/specialisation
67
why is it so difficult to study brain-behaviour effects in brain damaged patients
1. diaschisis 2. compensation 3. interfering impairments 4. abnormal brain 5. poorly developed concept of function localisation
68
diaschisis
= the fallacy of focal leasions brain injury -> more widespread effects than just local, also distant effects
69
compensation
the test performance does not decessarily reflext the disrupted processing! perhaps a patient has developed strategies that help to compensate for their loss of function. bv slow on verbal memory test, niet door memory maar door compensation voor verbal via nonverbal
70
interfering impairments
= cognitive functions Input-, output and control deficits are not always easy to exclude. For instance: - impairments in executive or emotional functioning are often difficult to assess but may nevertheless have important repercussions. - subtile deficits may have substantial effects ‘down-stream’. dus lastig; welk deel is nou impaired? deficits op attention leidt tot heel veel andere dingen
71
different brains
elk brein is anders! sommige mensen broca bv ergensanders
72
3 manieren van individual differences
 developmental extremes  mild perinatal abnormal development (e.g. hormonal)  was the brain premorbidly normal (e.g. split- brain surgery for the alleviation of epilepsy)
73
poorly developed concept of function localisation
Theoretical framework - overall concept: modules vs networks vs mass action - individual differences: probabilistic instead of absolute localisation and differentiation Point versus distributed localisation - V2 vs grandmother cell Overlapping localisation

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