CP: Chapter 1 Introduction & historical overview

Question 1

psychopathology

Answer 1

the field concerned with the nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders

-> steeds meer developing and adding new things!

Question 2

stigma

Answer 2

destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner

Question 3

4 characteristics of a stigma

Answer 3

1. distinguishing label is applied
2. label refers to undesirable attributes
3. people with the label are seen as different
4. people with the label are discriminated against

= stigma

Question 4

how to reduce stigma

Answer 4

insurance coverage mental illness
ban discriminatory laws
employ mental ill people
decriminalization
housing options
educatie people
prevention
online support groups

Question 5

DSM definition psychological disorder

Answer 5

developmental, psychological and biological dysfunctions are all irrelated, the brain imparct behaviour and the behaviour impacts the brain

• the disorder occurs with the individual
• includes clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling or behaving
• personal distress
• dysfunction (psychological/neurobiological/developmental process)
• not culturally specific reaction to an event (bv. death of a loved one)
• not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society

Question 6

3 aspects of psychological disorders

Answer 6

• personal distress
• dysfunction & disability
• violation of social norms

Question 7

harmful dysfunction

Answer 7

a value judgement = harmful
objective component = dysfunction

Question 8

demonology

Answer 8

an evil spirit or being can dwell within a person and control their body and or mind

Question 9

exorcism

Answer 9

the ritualistic casting out of evil spirits.

Question 10

hippocrates zei…

Answer 10

psychological disorders are diseases of the brain, the brain is the organ of consciousness, intellectual life and emotions

Question 11

hippocrates 3 soorten mental illnesses

Answer 11

Mania
Melancholia
Phrenitis (or brain fever).

Question 12

wanneer werden humanitarian reforms ingezet

Answer 12

18th century

Question 13

wie was de eerste vrouwelijke arts in de westerse wereld

Answer 13

Dorothea Lynde Dix

Question 14

catharthic method:

Answer 14

breuer

reliving an earlier trauma and releasing emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts about the event

Question 15

psychoanalytic theory 3 parts

Answer 15

id = devil, pleasure principle (present at birth)
ego = develops during the second 6 months of life, conscious. reality principle
superego = goed, moral. develops during childhood.

Question 16

defense mechanisms

Answer 16

repression, denial, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, submission

Question 17

repression

Answer 17

keeping unacceptable thoughts or impulses from conscious awareness

Question 18

denial

Answer 18

not accepting a painful reality into conscious awareness

Question 19

projection

Answer 19

onacceptabele eigenschappen of emoties van jezelf ontkennen, verbergen of verdringen door deze toe te schrijven aan iets of iemand anders.

(a man who hates a racial group believes they dislike him instead)

Question 20

displacement

Answer 20

redirecting emotional responses from the real target to something or someone else

Question 21

reaction formation

Answer 21

changing an unacceptable feeling to its opposite

(person with sexual feelings for child leads campaign about anti child abuse)

Question 22

regression

Answer 22

Retreating to the behavioral patterns of an earlier stage of development

(An adolescent dealing with unacceptable feelings of social inadequacy attempts to mask those feelings by seeking oral gratification)

Question 23

rationalization

Answer 23

offering acceptible reasons for unacceptable actions or attitudes

(A parent berates a child out of impatience, then indicates that she did so to “build character”)

Question 24

submission

Answer 24

converting unacceptible aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviours (someone who has aggressive feelings towards his father -> becomes a butcher or a surgeon)

Question 25

psychoanalysis is to...

Answer 25

understand childhood better and the underlying root of problems

Question 26

psychoanalysis 3 factoren

Answer 26

Free association: A person tries to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything. Interpretation: The analyst points out the meaning of certain of a person’s behaviors. Analysis of transference: The person responds to the analyst in ways that the person has previously responded to other important figures in his or her life, and the analyst helps the person understand and interpret these responses.

Question 27

carl jung invloed

Answer 27

- invented collective psychology Jung hypothesized that in addition to the personal unconscious postulated by Freud, there is a collective unconscious, the part of the unconscious that is common to all human beings and that consists primarily of what Jung called archetypes, or basic categories that all human beings use in conceptualizing about the world.

Question 28

adler invloed

Answer 28

- invented individual psychology regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because he believed that fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good.

Question 29

3 commonly held assumptions of freud (still to this day)

Answer 29

1. childhood experiences help shape adult personality 2. there are unconscious influences on our behaviour 3. the causes and purposes of human behaviour are not always obvious

Question 30

behaviourism focuses on...

Answer 30

observable behavior rather than on consciousness or mental functioning

Question 31

behaviourism: meest famous 3 vormen

Answer 31

1. classical conditioning 2. operant conditioning 3. modeling

Question 32

modeling =

Answer 32

Learning often goes on even in the absence of reinforcers. We all learn by watching and imitating others, a process called modeling.

Question 33

cognitive therapy =

Answer 33

Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that people not only behave, but also think and feel. All cognitive approaches have one thing in common. They emphasize that how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders. In cognitive therapy, the therapist typically begins by helping clients become more aware of their maladaptive thoughts. By changing cognition, therapists hope that people can change their feelings, behaviors, and symptoms.

Question 34

Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT):

Answer 34

Ellis’s (1913–2007) principal thesis was that sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves; these self-statements reflect sometimes unspoken assumptions—irrational beliefs—about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life. In Ellis’s REBT (Ellis, 1993, 1995), the aim is to eliminate these ultimately self-defeating beliefs.

Question 35

systematic desensitization

Answer 35

for anxiety and phobias (1) deep muscle relaxation (2) gradual exposure to a list of feared situations, starting with those that arouse minimal anxiety and progressing to those that are the most frightening. Wolpe hypothesized that a state or response opposite to anxiety is substituted for anxiety as the person is exposed gradually to stronger and stronger doses.

Question 36

common missatribution bij disorders

Answer 36

circular reasoning he has ADHD <-> he is busy

Question 37

the criterion problem =

Answer 37

difficulties defining a mental disorder

Question 38

kring et al disorder =

Answer 38

disability and dysfunction distress violation of social norms

Question 39

butcher et al disorder =

Answer 39

suffering maladaptation deefiancy social dyscomfort dangerousness violation of social standards irrationality and unpredictability

Question 40

comper et al disorder = (4xD)

Answer 40

danger deviance dysfunction distress

Question 41

demarcation problem

Answer 41

where do we draw the line between normal and abnormal

Question 42

mechanistic approach

Answer 42

based on statistics. vaak beter dan clinical judgement

Question 43

dsm history

Answer 43

first 2 versions included the ethiology, vanaf dsm 3 niet meer -> alleen nog maar classificeren in symptomen!

Question 44

wat is een uitzondering op de ethiology

Answer 44

ptsd, dit moet echt een oorzaak hebben.

Question 45

manic episode dsm criteria

Answer 45

distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated expansive or irritated mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy

Question 46

hoelang moet manic episode minimaal zijn

Answer 46

1 week

Question 47

symptomen manic episode

Answer 47

at least 3 of these: inflated self esteem decreased need for sleep talkative flight of ideas distractable increased goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation excessive involvement in activities that could be painful

Question 48

dunning kruger effect

Answer 48

when ppl without knowledge overestimate their own knowledge

Question 49

men wat voor disorders meer

Answer 49

substance attention disorders behaviour disorders

Question 50

hoeveel mensen comorbidity

Answer 50

46%

Question 51

technological determinism

Answer 51

reductionism, technology determines the development of social structure and cultural values