NPR:last minute for stupid q's

Question 1

bacteria and viral evaion has been done for this

Question 2

name bacteria for two types of enterotoxin-based diseases

Answer 2

1. Infectious diarrhea: Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Campylobacter jejuni 2. Food poisoning Bacillus cereus or Staphylcoccus aureus

(GI TRACT)

Question 3

Bacteria that produce pyrogenic exotoxins(Stimulate cytokine release)

Answer 3

Staphylcoccus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 4

Examples of miscellaneous exotoxin, and what is different about them

Answer 4

specific to a certain bacterium and/or function not well understood Bacillus anthracis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 5

Communicable diseases occurring in Europe

Answer 5

1) Respiratory tract infections 2) Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and blood-borne viruses 3) Food- and waterborne diseases and zoonoses 4) Emerging and vector-borne diseases 5) Vaccine-preventable diseases 6) Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections

Question 6

Give example of BACTERIAL resp tract infections

Answer 6

Legionnaires’ disease (legionellosis) Legionella pneumophila (Gram -) Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Gram +)

Question 7

Success rate of treatments for TB

Answer 7

72% success rate of treatment of new cases Treatment success rate for second infection is 54% Multi drug resistant (MDR) treatment success rate in is 32%

Question 8

List common bacterial STI

Answer 8

Chlamydia trachomatis infection Gonorrhoea Syphilis

Question 9

Most common food- and waterborne diseases

Answer 9

Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter sp. mostely C. jejuni) Salmonellosis (- Salmonella sp.) Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)

Question 10

T/F campylobacter sp. (mainly C jejuni) is usually a cause of epidemics What is the highest risk group

Answer 10

F Usually sporadic cases and not outbreaks Small children 0-4 years – highest risk group

Question 11

Risk group for listeria monocytogenes

Answer 11

Risk group immuno-compromised, elderly, pregnant and their fetus

Question 12

What are the bacterial emerging and vector borne diseases and hat are they caused by

Answer 12

Plague (Yersinia pestis; Gram-) Q fever (Coxiella burnetti; Gram –)

Question 13

Which vaccine preventable diseases are bacteria

Answer 13

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus

Question 14

What are these vaccine preventable disease cause by and what gram type: Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus

Answer 14

Haemophilus influenzae (-ve) Clostridium diphtheriae (Gram +) Neisseria meningitidis (gram -ve) Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram + (Bordetella pertussis Gram -) (Clostridium tetani Gram +)

Question 15

Which pathogens ar ea major problem in hospitals Gram neg or pos

Answer 15

Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve)

Question 16

Give examples of Enterobacteriaceae

Answer 16

E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.

Question 17

State the drug resistance of the following Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve): -E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.

Answer 17

Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin resistance) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant - MRSA) Clostridium difficile (can establish infection because of previous antibiotic treatment) Acinetobacter baumanii (highly drug resistant) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (multi drug resistant i.e fluoroquinolone-resistant) Enterobacteriaceae pathogenic E. coli (multi drug resistant) Klebsiella pneumoniae (multi drug resistant) Enterobacter species (multi drug resistant)

Question 18

Which antibiotics is E. coli resistant to in many countries?

Answer 18

Cephalosporins

Question 19

State the target proteins and the method of resistance to the following classes of antibiotics:

a. Cephalosporins
b. Carbapenems
c. Methicillin
d. Vancomycin

Answer 19

a. Cephalosporins
Target: Penicillin binding proteins (PBP)
Resistance: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)
b. Carbapenems
Target: PBP
Resistance: Carbapenemase enzymes
c. Methicillin
Target: PBP
Resistance: alternative target (PBP2A), which has low affinity for methicillin and can function in its presence
d. Vancomycin
Target: peptidoglycan precursor
Resistance: synthesis of a different peptidoglycan precursor

Question 20

Which antibiotics is E. coli still sensitive to?

Answer 20

Carbapenems

Question 21

State the drug resistance of the following Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve): -E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.

Answer 21

Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin resistance) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant - MRSA) Clostridium difficile (can establish infection because of previous antibiotic treatment) Acinetobacter baumanii (highly drug resistant) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (multi drug resistant i.e fluoroquinolone-resistant) Enterobacteriaceae pathogenic E. coli (multi drug resistant) Klebsiella pneumoniae (multi drug resistant) Enterobacter species (multi drug resistant)

Question 22

Give examples of Enterobacteriaceae

Answer 22

E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.

Question 23

Which pathogens ar ea major problem in hospitals Gram neg or pos

Answer 23

Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve)

Question 24

What are these vaccine preventable disease cause by and what gram type: Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus

Answer 24

Haemophilus influenzae (-ve) Clostridium diphtheriae (Gram +) Neisseria meningitidis (gram -ve) Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram + (Bordetella pertussis Gram -) (Clostridium tetani Gram +)

Question 25

Which vaccine preventable diseases are bacteria

Answer 25

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus

Question 26

What are the bacterial emerging and vector borne diseases and hat are they caused by

Answer 26

Plague (Yersinia pestis; Gram-) Q fever (Coxiella burnetti; Gram –)

Question 27

How do HSV 1 prevent interfere with cellular immunity

Answer 27

HSV ICP47 blocks access of the processed peptide to TAP

Question 28

How can adenovirus effect cellular immnity

Answer 28

Adenovirus E3-19K prevents recruitment of TAP to tapasin and also retains MHC in the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

How does EBV evade cellular immunity

Answer 29

EBV EBNA1 cannot be processed by the proteasome so the viral protein cannot be chopped up and put into the ER so it cannot be presented in MHC class 1 to activate T cell

Question 30

How does CMV evade cellular immunity

Answer 30

CMV US6 stops ATP binding to TAP preventing translocation .CMV US3 binds tapasin and prevent peptides being loaded to MHC (i.e. cuts off the energy to TAP so peptides can't get into the ER and thus cannot be associated with the MHC molecules and cannot be presented to the T cells)

Question 31

How does the KSHV (HHV8) evade cellular immunity

Answer 31

KSHV kK3 protein induces polyubiquitinylation and internalization of MHC. From the internalized endosome, MHC is passed to lysosomes where it is degraded. Cannot present viral proteins to the T cell

Question 32

How does HPV evade the immune response

Answer 32

Both cellular and innate response Just note that because HPV has a small genome, its proteins often do diverse range of functions E6/E7 are oncogenic (interfere with cell cycle), but they are also binding to proteins involved in the interferon detection pathway (cGAS, STING etc) and the IFN-a effector pathway (innate). E7 also prevents transcription of MHC and TAP proteins E5 holds onto the MHC class 1 molecule in the ER and the golgi and prevents it from being transported to the surface (cellular)..... BUT think about the consequence of loss of MHC

Question 33

How does HPV evade the immune response

Answer 33

Both cellular and innate response Just note that because HPV has a small genome, its proteins often do diverse range of functions E6/E7 are oncogenic (interfere with cell cycle), but they are also binding to proteins involved in the interferon detection pathway (cGAS, STING etc) and the IFN-a effector pathway (innate). E7 also prevents transcription of MHC and TAP proteins E5 holds onto the MHC class 1 molecule in the ER and the golgi and prevents it from being transported to the surface (cellular)..... BUT think about the consequence of loss of MHC

Question 34

Name of the influenza strain for season flu

Answer 34

H3N2

Question 35

Which part of HIV helps it to evade antibodies

Answer 35

HIV env spike gp120 resists neutralization

Question 36

What receptor does measles use and thus what is its tropism

Answer 36

MV infects CD150 (=SLAM) positive cells, including memory lymphocytes and erases immunological memory.