Nutrition Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
What occurs when there is Vitamins A, D E or K deficiency?
A
A- Colour Blindness
D- Osteomalacia/
Rickets
E- Anaemia /neuropathy
?malignancy/IHD
K- Defective
clotting
2
Q
What occurs when there is Vitamins A, D excess?
A
A- Exfoliation Hepatitis
D- Hyper-calcaemia
3
Q
How do you test ADEK?
A
Serum
Serum
Serum
PTT
4
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
ADEK
5
Q
What are the water soluble vitamins?
A
B vitamins
Vit C
6
Q
What is B1 Deficiency?
A
Beri-Beri
Neuropathy
Wernicke Syndrome
7
Q
What is B2 Deficiency?
A
Glossitis
8
Q
What is B6 Deficiency?
A
Dermatitis/ anaemia
9
Q
What is B12 Deficiency?
A
Pernicious anaemia
10
Q
What is B9 Deficiency?
A
Megaloblastic anaemia
Neural tube defect
11
Q
What is B3 Deficiency?
A
Pellagra
12
Q
What does Vit C deficiency cause?
A
Scurvy
13
Q
What does Vit C excess cause?
A
Renal stones
14
Q
What does B6 excess cause?
A
Neuropathy
15
Q
How do you test for B1 levels?
A
RBC
transketolase
16
Q
How do you test for B2 levels?
A
RBC
glutathione reductase
17
Q
How do you test for B6 levels?
A
RBC AST activation
18
Q
How do you test for B12 levels?
A
B12 serum
19
Q
How do you test for B9 levels?
A
RBC folate
20
Q
How do you test for Vit C?
A
Plasma levels
21
Q
What does Iron (1) excess and (2) deficiency cause?
A
1 Hypochromic anaemia
2 Haemochromatosis
FBC/ ferritin/ iron/ TIBC
22
Q
What does Copper (1) excess and (2) deficiency cause?
A
1 Anaemia
2 Wilson’s
Copper/ caeroplasmin
23
Q
What does Fluoride (1) excess and (2) deficiency cause?
A
1 Dental caries
2 Fluorosis
24
Q
What does iodine deficiency cause?
A
Goitre/ hypothyroid
25
What does zinc deficiency cause?
Dermatitis
26
How doe we spend energy?
Resting energy expenditure
Exercise
Thermogenesis
Facultative T
27
Where do we get most of our dietary energy from?
In the west? Fat apparently
28
How is energy regulated? (Draw out diagram)
29
What is body composition?
* Normal weight individual
* 98% O2, C, H, Na, Ca
* 60-70% H2O, 10-35% fat, 10-15% protein, 3-5% minerals
* Variation body composition considerable, variation in LBM less
30
What are the weight classes?
Weight
Body mass index
* weight/height2
* 25-30 kg/m2 overweight
* \>30 kg/m2 obese
* \>40 kg/m2 morbidly obese
waist hip ratio
31
What are the problems associated with obesity?
32
Is waist circumference a risk for CHD?
Yes
33
Why do we need protein?
* INTAKE 84gm men, 64gm women
* Utility
–Indispensable (e.g. leucine)
–“conditionally” indispensable (e.g. Cysteine)
–Dispensable (e.g. alanine)
* Protein synthesis/breakdown/oxidation
* Assessment
–N excretion and balance
–Tracer techniques
34
What are Lipids?
* Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) include essential fatty acids (EFA)
* Dietary fat determines LDL-C
saturated fat inc [chol]
PUFA dec [chol]
• incr. [HDL] associated reduced IHD risk
(women, alcohol, obesity)
35
What does pancreatic lipase do?
Pancreatic lipase is usually secreted by the pancreas and transferred to the duodenum to participate in the hydrolysis and digestion of fat, cholesterol esters, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Maybe watch this bit for info
36
Why are carbohydrates important?
* 40-80% total energy intake
* Polymerisation into sugars, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
* 80 % complex 20 % simple
* NSP - non-starch polysaccharides
37
In which diseases are metabolites implicated?
* Cardiovascular disease
* Obesity
* Alcoholism
* T2DM
* Pregnancy
* Most malignancy
* Many GI conditions
38
What may indicate metabolic syndrome?
Fasting glucose \>6 mmol/l
HDL- Men \<1.0, Women \<1.3
HTN- BP\>135/80
Waist circumference- Men\>102, women \> 88
Microalbumin/ insulin resistance
39
What is the treatment of obesity?
* Exclude endocrine cause
* Exclude complications of obesity
* Educate
* Diet and exercise
* Medical therapy (Orlistat, GLP-1 agonist)
* Surgical therapy
40
What happens if a 100kg loses 10kg?
* Psychological benefit
* PCOS
* Oesophagitis
* CHD
* Osteoarthritis
* Liver function
* Pregnancy
* Mortality 20% down
* 0.9mmHg per kg down
* HbA1c 1.5% down
* Risk of DM 40% down
* LDL 15% down
* HDL 8% up
41
What are the bariatric procedures?
42
IS bariatric surgery good?
* Resolution/improvement of T2DM
* Resolution/improvement of hypertension
* Improved lipid profile
* Resulting in overall reduction in cardiac risk
* Resolution of obstructive sleep apnoea
* Resolution of PCOS and improved fertility
* Reduced cancer related deaths
* Regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
* Reduced mortality
43
What is marasmus?
* Shrivelled
* Growth retarded
* Severe muscle wasting
* No s/c fat
44
What is Kwarshiorkor?
* Oedematous
* Scaling/ulcerated
* Lethargic
* Large liver, s/c fat
* Protein deficient
45
To predict risk of myocardial infarction and decide of possible benefit of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition (statin therapy), you would:
## Footnote
1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
6. Oral ferrous sulphate
7. Oral Folic acid
8. Oral vitamin K
9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)
0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet
Watch lecture
46
To assess the degree of obesity and resultant cardiovascular risk, you would:
1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
6. Oral ferrous sulphate
7. Oral Folic acid
8. Oral vitamin K
9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)
0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet
watch lcture
47
To reduce risk of Wernicke’s encephalopathy in alcoholic patient admitted to hospital
1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
6. Oral ferrous sulphate
7. Oral Folic acid
8. Oral vitamin K
9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)
0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet
Watch lecture
48
To advise a patient on a method of reducing plasma cholesterol:
1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
6. Oral ferrous sulphate
7. Oral Folic acid
8. Oral vitamin K
9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)
0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet
Watch lecture
49
To reduce risk of neural tube defect in woman seeking advice before pregnancy, with a previous pregnancy complicated by spina bifida in the infant.
## Footnote
1. Measurement of body mass index and waist circumference
2. Measurement of serum leptin concentration
3. Measurement of resting energy expenditure
4. Measurement serum polyunsaturated fat concentration
5. Measurement of total plasma cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
6. Oral ferrous sulphate
7. Oral Folic acid
8. Oral vitamin K
9. Parenteral thiamine (Pabrinex)
0 Reducing saturated fat and increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat in diet
Watch lecture
