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NCLEX-RN® > NCLEX-RN (1) Fundamentals > Nutrition and Diets > Flashcards

Nutrition and Diets Flashcards

Review the different diets for diseases and the electrolytes in foods.

1
Q

Which foods have calcium in them?

A
  • greens: collard greens, broccoli, kale
  • bones: canned fish
  • dairy products: milk and cheese

Calcium intake prevents osteoporosis. Too much calcium can cause kidney stones.

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2
Q

Which foods have sodium in them?

A

Salty foods:

  • bacon
  • canned food
  • processed foods
  • table salt
  • bread
  • soy sauce
  • steak sauce
  • ketchup

Too much sodium can lead to fluid retention.

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3
Q

Which foods have magnesium in them?

A
  • avocado
  • nuts
  • legumes
  • tofu

Magnesium is good for nerve and muscle function.

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4
Q

Which foods have potassium in them?

A
  • bananas
  • oranges
  • tomatoes
  • potatoes
  • spinach
  • dried apricot
  • cantaloupe

Potassium is good for cardiac and muscle function. Will need a low potassium diet for renal failure.

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5
Q

Which foods have phosphorous in them?

A
  • meat
  • dairy
  • nuts

Phosphorus is good for bone/teeth formation and for making proteins.

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6
Q

Which foods have carbohydrates in them?

A
  • whole-grain carbs: oats, brown rice
  • refined carbs: cookies and cakes made with white flour

A diet high in refined carbs can contribute to obesity and diabetes mellitus.

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7
Q

Which foods have fat in them?

A
  • good fats: unsaturated fat - olive oil and nuts
  • bad fats: saturated fat - butter and fat from red meat

A diet high in bad fats can contribute to cardiac disease.

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8
Q

Which foods have fiber in them?

A
  • fruits and vegetables
  • beans and legumes
  • grains

A diet high in fiber is very healthy.

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9
Q

Which foods have protein in them?

A
  • meat
  • dairy

Protein is very good for healing.

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10
Q

Which foods have vitamin C in them?

A

citrus fruits

Vitamin C is good for healing and absorption of iron.

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11
Q

Why are vitamin C and protein good for wound healing?

A

Both vitamin C and protein contain the building blocks for muscle and tissue growth.

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12
Q

Which foods have folic acid in them?

A
  • green leafy vegetables
  • meat
  • legumes
  • nuts
  • eggs

Folic acid prevents neural tube defects in fetus and folate-deficiency anemia.

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13
Q

Which foods have iron in them?

A
  • meats/liver
  • lentils and beans
  • egg yolks
  • spinach
  • dried fruit
  • iron fortified cereals like raisin bran

Iron is the building block for red blood cells and is good for preventing anemia.

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14
Q

Which foods have vitamin K in them?

A

green leafy vegetables

Vitamin K is the antidote to warfarin, an anticoagulant.

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15
Q

What foods have vitamin D in them?

A

fortified milk and cereals

Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Vitamin D can also be acquired from the sun.

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16
Q

What foods have vitamin B12 in them?

A
  • beef, liver, chicken, fish
  • dairy
  • eggs

Vitamin B12 prevents B12 deficiency anemia.

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17
Q

Which foods have a cross sensitivity with latex?

A
  • banana
  • avocado
  • kiwi
  • papaya
  • fig
  • potato
  • tomato
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18
Q

Which foods can cause flatus/gas?

A
  • broccoli
  • Brussel sprouts
  • cabbage
  • beans/lentils
  • garlic

Avoid these foods for those that have a colostomy/ileostomy and with breastfeeding.

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19
Q

Why are foods that cause flatus/gas avoided for those with a colostomy/ileostomy or with breastfeeding?

A
  • ileostomy/colostomy: the bag can expand and break
  • breastfeeding: infant can have excessive gas and stomach pain
20
Q

With what conditions should alcohol be completely avoided?

A
  • alcoholism
  • liver disease: cirrhosis and hepatitis
21
Q

How much alcohol is OK to drink daily for men and women?

A

men: < 2 drinks daily
women: < 1 drink daily

22
Q

What is considered one serving of alcohol?

A
  • 5 ounces wine
  • 12 ounces beer
  • 1.5 ounces shot
23
Q

What is an NPO diet?

A

NPO means nothing by mouth - no food or water.

It is commonly prescribed:

  • before some diagnostic tests and all surgeries
  • after abdominal surgery until bowel sounds come back

Diet order may say, “NPO except ice chips”.

24
Q

What is a clear liquid diet?

A
  • gelatin
  • hard candy
  • broth
  • coffee and tea
  • popsicles
  • soda

It is indicated after many surgeries: check for bowel sounds first.

25
Q

What is a full liquid diet?

A
  • ice cream
  • milk
  • pudding/custard
  • fruit and vegetable juice

It is indicated after the client has tolerated clear liquids.

26
Q

What is a regular diet?

A

A regular diet is when the client has no restrictions on foods.

Recommended servings include:
* 1-2 cups of fruit
* 1-3 cups of vegetables
* 3-8 ounces of grains
* 2-6 ounces of protein
* 1.5-3 cups of dairy

1 oz of grains = 1 slice of bread; 1 oz of protein = 1 egg.

27
Q

What is a soft diet?

A

Food needs to be mashed or chopped like mashed potatoes, pasta, canned fruit, vegetables, and cookies with no nuts.

It is indicated for clients with difficulty chewing and swallowing.

28
Q

What is a thickened liquids diet?

A

Fluids are thickened with a substance.

It is indicated for those with difficulty swallowing, especially those that had a stroke or are elderly.

29
Q

What is a fluid-restricted diet?

A

24-hour restriction of:

  • 1000 mL or
  • 1500 mL or
  • 2000 mL

It is indicated for clients with heart failure or renal failure.

30
Q

What is a renal diet?

A
  • Low in fluids, electrolytes (especially sodium, phosphorus, and potassium) and proteins.
  • High in carbohydrates.

Kidneys can’t get rid of extra water or the toxins from the breakdown of protein and electrolytes.

31
Q

What is a low purine/uric acid diet?

A

A diet for clients with gout: avoid foods such as meats, alcohol, sweetbreads, and fish.

These foods break down into purines and then uric acid which builds up toxins in the body.

32
Q

What is a cardiac diet /DASH diet?

A

DASH = Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
* low fat, low cholesterol, low sodium
* high in fruits and veggies, whole-grains
* no caffeine

This healthy diet prevents the build-up of plaque on arteries which can contribute to cardiac disease and prevents hypertension.

33
Q

What is a fat-restricted diet?

A

For malabsorption diseases of the: liver, gallbladder or pancreas.

The organs are unable to release the enzymes that breakdown fat.

34
Q

What is a diabetic diet?

A

For clients with diabetes mellitus: low in sugar and refined carbohydrates.

The pancreas doesn’t release enough insulin to transport glucose into cells.

35
Q

What is a low-fiber diet?

A

Low fiber diet is for inflammatory bowel diseases.

Low fiber prevents diarrhea.

36
Q

What is a high fiber diet?

A

For preventing constipation.

Fiber prevents constipation by adding bulk.

37
Q

What is a high-calorie, high-protein diet, high-carbohydrate diet for?

A

For debilitating diseases like cancer, burns, kidney disease, cirrhosis, heart disease and COPD.

Extra calories are needed because the body burns off calories quickly.

38
Q

What is a sodium-restricted diet?

A

< 2 grams of sodium a day (about 1 teaspoon).

it is for hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease.

Too much sodium can cause fluid volume overload since salt holds onto water.

39
Q

What is a gluten-free diet?

A

For celiac disease and those with gluten sensitivity:

  • no BROW: barley, rye, oats, and wheat
  • instead eat corn, rice or millet

The body doesn’t make the protein that breaks down gluten.

40
Q

What is a low tyramine diet?

A

For clients taking MAOIs (a type of antidepressant medication).

Avoid aged foods such as:

  • soy sauce
  • liver
  • aged cheese
  • smoked, cured, and processed meats
  • sausage
  • alcohol
  • bananas
  • avocado

The client can go into a hypertensive crisis if an MAOI and tyramine containing food is taken together.

41
Q

What is a pregnancy and post partum diet?

A
  • folic acid supplements and multivitamin
  • extra 300 calories/day during pregnancy
  • extra 200-500 calories/day if breastfeeding

Folic acid prevents neural tube defects.

42
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

When the client cannot digest lactose, which is in many dairy products.

Hard cheeses, cottage cheese and yogurt are OK to eat.

43
Q

Explain the difference between:

  • Vegetarian diet
  • Vegan diet
  • Lacto-vegetarian diet
  • Lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet
A
  • Vegetarian diet: no animal foods
  • Vegan diet: plants only
  • Lacto-vegetarian: dairy and plants
  • Lacto-ovo-vegetarian: dairy, eggs, and plants
44
Q

What is a mechanical soft diet?

A

Includes pureed, mashed, ground, finely chopped foods.

45
Q

Which foods are high in cholesterol?

A
  • shrimp
  • sausage
  • fried chicken

NCLEX-RN (1) Fundamentals (17 decks)

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