Nutrition and Diets

Question 1

Which foods have calcium in them?

Answer 1

• greens: collard greens, broccoli, kale
• bones: canned fish
• dairy products: milk and cheese

Calcium intake prevents osteoporosis. Too much calcium can cause kidney stones.

Question 2

Which foods have sodium in them?

Answer 2

Salty foods:

• bacon
• canned food
• processed foods
• table salt
• bread
• soy sauce
• steak sauce
• ketchup

Too much sodium can lead to fluid retention.

Question 3

Which foods have magnesium in them?

Answer 3

• avocado
• nuts
• legumes
• tofu

Magnesium is good for nerve and muscle function.

Question 4

Which foods have potassium in them?

Answer 4

• bananas
• oranges
• tomatoes
• potatoes
• spinach
• dried apricot
• cantaloupe

Potassium is good for cardiac and muscle function. Will need a low potassium diet for renal failure.

Question 5

Which foods have phosphoros in them?

Answer 5

• meat
• dairy
• nuts

Phosphorus is good for bone/teeth formation and for making proteins.

Question 6

Which foods have carbohydrates in them?

Answer 6

• whole-grain carbs: oats, brown rice
• refined carbs: cookies and cakes made with white flour

A diet high in refined carbs can contribute to obesity and diabetes mellitus.

Question 7

Which foods have fat in them?

Answer 7

• good fats: unsaturated fat - olive oil and nuts
• bad fats: saturated fat - butter and fat from red meat

A diet high in bad fats can contribute to cardiac disease.

Question 8

Which foods have fiber in them?

Answer 8

• fruits and vegetables
• beans and legumes
• grains

A diet high in fiber is very healthy.

Question 9

Which foods have protein in them?

Answer 9

• meat
• dairy

Protein is very good for healing.

Question 10

Which foods have vitamin C in them?

Answer 10

citrus fruits

Vitamin C is good for healing and absorption of iron.

Question 11

Why are vitamin C and protein good for wound healing?

Answer 11

Both vitamin C and protein contain the building blocks for muscle and tissue growth.

Question 12

Which foods have folic acid in them?

Answer 12

• green leafy vegetables
• meat
• legumes
• nuts
• eggs

Folic acid prevents neural tube defects in fetus and folate-deficiency anemia.

Question 13

Which foods have iron in them?

Answer 13

• meats/liver
• lentils and beans
• egg yolks
• spinach
• dried fruit
• iron fortified cereals like raisin bran

Iron is the building block for red blood cells and is good for preventing anemia.

Question 14

Which foods have vitamin K in them?

Answer 14

green leafy vegetables

Vitamin K is the antidote to warfarin, an anticoagulant.

Question 15

What foods have vitamin D in them?

Answer 15

fortified milk and cereals

Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Vitamin D can also be acquired from the sun.

Question 16

What foods have vitamin B12 in them?

Answer 16

• beef, liver, chicken, fish
• dairy
• eggs

Vitamin B12 prevents B12 deficiency anemia.

Question 17

Which foods have a cross sensitivity with latex?

Answer 17

• banana
• avocado
• kiwi
• papaya
• fig
• potato
• tomato

Question 18

Which foods can cause flatus/gas?

Answer 18

• broccoli
• Brussel sprouts
• cabbage
• beans/lentils
• garlic

Avoid these foods for those that have a colostomy/ileostomy and with breastfeeding.

Question 19

Why are foods that cause flatus/gas avoided for those with a colostomy/ileostomy or with breastfeeding?

Answer 19

• ileostomy/colostomy: the bag can expand and break
• breastfeeding: infant can have excessive gas and stomach pain

Question 20

With what conditions should alcohol be completely avoided?

Answer 20

• alcoholism
• liver disease: cirrhosis and hepatitis

Question 21

How much alcohol is OK to drink daily for men and women?

Answer 21

men: < 2 drinks daily
women: < 1 drink daily

Question 22

What is considered one serving of alcohol?

Answer 22

• 5 ounces wine
• 12 ounces beer
• 1.5 ounces shot

Question 23

What is an NPO diet?

Answer 23

NPO means nothing by mouth - no food or water.

It is commonly prescribed:

• before some diagnostic tests and all surgeries
• after abdominal surgery until bowel sounds come back

Diet order may say, “NPO except ice chips”.

Question 24

What is a clear liquid diet?

Answer 24

• gelatin
• hard candy
• broth
• coffee and tea
• popsicles
• soda

It is indicated after many surgeries: check for bowel sounds first.

Question 25

What is a **full liquid diet?**

Answer 25

* ice cream * milk * pudding/custard * fruit and vegetable juice ## Footnote It is indicated after the client has tolerated clear liquids.

Question 26

What is a **regular diet?**

Answer 26

A regular diet is when the client has **no restrictions on foods.** ## Footnote Recommended servings include: * 1-2 cups of fruit * 1-3 cups of vegetables * 3-8 ounces of grains * 2-6 ounces of protein * 1.5-3 cups of dairy 1 oz of grains = 1 slice of bread; 1 oz of protein = 1 egg.

Question 27

What is a **soft diet?**

Answer 27

Food needs to be **mashed or chopped** like mashed potatoes, pasta, canned fruit, vegetables, and cookies with no nuts. ## Footnote It is indicated for clients with difficulty chewing and swallowing.

Question 28

What is a **thickened liquids diet?**

Answer 28

**Fluids are thickened** with a substance. ## Footnote It is indicated for those with difficulty swallowing, especially those that had a stroke or are elderly.

Question 29

What is a **fluid-restricted diet?**

Answer 29

24-hour restriction of: * **1000 mL** or * **1500 mL** or * **2000 mL** ## Footnote It is indicated for clients with heart failure or renal failure.

Question 30

What is a **renal diet?**

Answer 30

* **Low in fluids**, electrolytes (especially sodium, phosphorus, and potassium) and proteins. * **High in carbohydrates.** ## Footnote Kidneys can’t get rid of extra water or the toxins from the breakdown of protein and electrolytes.

Question 31

What is a **low purine/uric acid diet?**

Answer 31

A diet for clients with **gout:** **avoid** foods such as meats, alcohol, sweetbreads, and fish. ## Footnote These foods break down into purines and then uric acid which builds up toxins in the body.

Question 32

What is a **cardiac diet /DASH diet?**

Answer 32

DASH = **Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension** * low fat, low cholesterol, low sodium * high in fruits and veggies, whole-grains * no caffeine ## Footnote This healthy diet prevents the build-up of plaque on arteries which can contribute to cardiac disease and prevents hypertension.

Question 33

What is a **fat-restricted diet?**

Answer 33

For **malabsorption diseases of the:** liver, gallbladder or pancreas. ## Footnote The organs are unable to release the enzymes that breakdown fat.

Question 34

What is a **diabetic diet?**

Answer 34

For clients with **diabetes mellitus:** low in sugar and refined carbohydrates. ## Footnote The pancreas doesn't release enough insulin to transport glucose into cells.

Question 35

What is a **low-fiber diet?**

Answer 35

Low fiber diet is for **inflammatory bowel diseases.** ## Footnote Low fiber prevents diarrhea.

Question 36

What is a **high fiber diet?**

Answer 36

For preventing **constipation.** ## Footnote Fiber prevents constipation by adding bulk.

Question 37

What is a **high-calorie, high-protein diet, high-carbohydrate diet** for?

Answer 37

For **debilitating diseases** like cancer, burns, kidney disease, cirrhosis, heart disease and COPD. ## Footnote Extra calories are needed because the body burns off calories quickly.

Question 38

What is a **sodium-restricted diet?**

Answer 38

\< 2 grams of sodium a day (about 1 teaspoon). ## Footnote It is for hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease. Too much sodium can cause fluid volume overload since salt holds onto water.

Question 39

What is a **gluten-free diet?**

Answer 39

For **celiac disease and those with gluten sensitivity:** * avoid **BROW**: **b**arley, **r**ye, **o**ats, and **w**heat * instead eat corn, rice or millet ## Footnote The body doesn't make the protein that breaks down gluten.

Question 40

What is a **low tyramine diet?**

Answer 40

For clients taking **MAOIs** (a type of antidepressant medication). **Avoid aged foods such as:** * soy sauce * liver * aged cheese * smoked, cured, and processed meats * sausage * alcohol * bananas * avocado ## Footnote The client can go into a hypertensive crisis if an MAOI and tyramine-containing food is taken together.

Question 41

What is a **pregnancy and postpartum** diet?

Answer 41

* **folic acid supplements** and multivitamin * **extra 300 calories/day** during pregnancy * **extra 200-500 calories/day** if breastfeeding ## Footnote Folic acid prevents neural tube defects.

Question 42

What is **lactose intolerance?**

Answer 42

When the client **cannot digest lactose**, which is in many dairy products. ## Footnote Hard cheeses, cottage cheese and yogurt are OK to eat.

Question 43

Explain the **difference** between: * Vegetarian diet * Vegan diet * Lacto-vegetarian diet * Lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet

Answer 43

* **Vegetarian diet:** no animal foods * **Vegan diet:** plants only * **Lacto-vegetarian:** dairy and plants * **Lacto-ovo-vegetarian:** dairy, eggs, and plants

Question 44

What is a **mechanical soft diet**?

Answer 44

Includes pureed, mashed, ground, finely chopped foods.

Question 45

Which foods are high in **cholesterol**?

Answer 45

* shrimp * sausage * fried chicken