Oncology

Question 1

stage G0

Answer 1

Cells at rest, not active

Question 2

stage G1

Answer 2

cell enter cycle
Prepare for DNA replication
Proto oncogenes activated

Question 3

stage S

Answer 3

Synthesis of structures
Structures move to opposite poles in preparation for division
To nuclear membranes develop around chromosome pairs

Question 4

Stage G2

Answer 4

cells prepared to divide

Question 5

Stage M

Answer 5

mitosis is completed
Two daughter cells created

Question 6

T/F Cancer cells, utilize checkpoints to see DNA errors and complete apoptosis

Answer 6

False

Question 7

what occurs with immune response in relation to age?

Answer 7

As age increases, immune response decreases

Tumor development increases

Question 8

differentiation

Answer 8

Extend that neoplastic sells, resemble, normal cells, structure and function

Question 9

what occurs with anaplasia?

Answer 9

Lack of differentiation
Total social disorganization, abnormal cell appearance, and dysfunction

Question 10

T/F benign sells tend to be more differentiated

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Factors of differentiation

Answer 11

contact inhibition
Cohesiveness
Proliferation control
Communication
Proliferation rate
Self HLA, antigens

Question 12

which factors of differentiation are unpredictable with cancer cells?

Answer 12

Proliferation, control, and rate

Question 13

do cancer cells avoid detection with antigens?

Answer 13

Yes, nonself markers

Question 14

Benign tumors

Answer 14

well differentiated
resembles tissue origin
Slow, progressive
Well demarcated
Encapsulated
No meta-stasis or necrosis

Question 15

malignant tumors

Answer 15

Poorly differentiated, anaplastic
slow to rapid
Invasive and infiltrating
Frequent meta-stasis
Necrotic core

Question 16

tumor markers

Answer 16

Biological substances, measurable

Hormones, antigens, genes etc.
Found in blood, urine, cerebral, spinal fluid, tumor plasma, membranes

Question 17

can tumor markers be used for screening to diagnose course of cancer?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

TNM system

Answer 18

Grading of malignant tumors

T – tumor size, location, involvement
N– lymph node
M – meta-stasis to distant organs

Question 19

Grade one TNM system

Answer 19

Cells are well differentiated

Question 20

Grade 2 TNM system

Answer 20

Cells are moderately differentiated

Question 21

Grade 3 TNM system

Answer 21

Cells are poorly differentiated/in a plastic

Question 22

Classification of symptoms

Answer 22

stage one – confined to Organ of origin

stage two – local invasive

Stage three - regionally spread

Stage four spread too distant sites, meta-stasis

Question 23

carcinogenesis

Answer 23

Origin of cancer

Question 24

phases of carcinogenesis

Answer 24

Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Meta-stasis

Question 25

tumor suppressor genes

Answer 25

Normally functions to restrain cell growth inactivated with cancer P 35. Gene – controls cellular apoptosis.

Question 26

oncogenes

Answer 26

Mutated Protoncogenes Growth signal permanently on

Question 27

what occurs with the transition from proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

Answer 27

When mutated, constant, unrelenting cell growth and cycle

Question 28

is a primary tumor started at the site of origin?

Answer 28

Yes, and stays there

Question 29

what occurs with a secondary tumor?

Answer 29

Pieces of tumor, travel to other sites

Question 30

carcinogens

Answer 30

Substances that cause development of cancer over many years

Question 31

known carcinogens

Answer 31

Tobacco HPV HIV Estrogen

Question 32

promoters

Answer 32

Agents that promote development of cancer Diet – high-fat Alcohol Tobacco Hormones – estrogen

Question 33

viral induced cancer

Answer 33

Virus inserts into genes host cell genome host cell becomes manufacture of virus Activation of growth promoting pathways or inhibition of tumor suppressor’s * HIV, HPV, Hep B/C

Question 34

Meta-stasis

Answer 34

cancer cells, secrete, vascular, endothelial, growth, factor Capability to develop new blood vessels

Question 35

seeding

Answer 35

Tumor sheds into body cavities

Question 36

implantation

Answer 36

Direct expansion of tumor to other tissue

Question 37

lymphatic meta-stasis

Answer 37

Cells, trapped in lymph nodes

Question 38

vascular meta-stasis

Answer 38

Drainage, penetrate vessel/veins

Question 39

where is usually the first stop of vascular meta-stasis

Answer 39

Liver, due to portal vein system

Question 40

Secondary tumors

Answer 40

Need oxygen and nutrients and access the blood

Question 41

what are most common secondary tumors?

Answer 41

Lungs Bone Liver Brain

Question 42

angiogenesis

Answer 42

Tumor creates own blood supply

Question 43

metastasis from lungs?

Answer 43

To bone or brain

Question 44

meta-stasis from colon

Answer 44

To liver

Question 45

meta-stasis from breast

Answer 45

To bone, brain, liver, lung

Question 46

meta-stasis from prostate

Answer 46

To vertebrae

Question 47

Meta-stasis of melanoma

Answer 47

to brain