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Biomechanics Exam 1 > ontogeny > Flashcards

ontogeny Flashcards

1
Q

for normal stance to occur pelvis should be

A

parellel to the frontal and sagittal plane

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2
Q

for normal stance to occur legs should be

A

in sagittal plane

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3
Q

for normal stance to occur subtalar joint should be

A

in neautral position

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4
Q

for normal stance to occur midtarsal joint should be

A

locked and maximally pronated

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5
Q

for normal stance to occur the full plantar surface of the foot

A

should rest on the ground

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6
Q

for normal stance to occur all metatarsal heads should

A

bear the weight

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7
Q

for normal stance to occur the forefoot

A

parallels the plantar aspect of rearfoot

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8
Q

for normal stance to occur muscle effort is

A

not necessary to maintain the structural integrity of the foot

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9
Q

in normal stance, gastrocnemius contraction occurs

A

to plantarflex the ankle joint allowing for half of the body weight to be transferred to the forefoot

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10
Q

neutral position most commonly discussed relative to the

A

subtalar joint

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11
Q

for most joints neutral position is the position where

A

it most has congruity

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12
Q

Neutral position is a position in which

A

compression forces are maximized and rotational forces are minimized

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13
Q

compression forces are bad or good?

A

Good

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14
Q

subtalar joint neutral position

A

where the subtalar joint is neither pronated or supinated

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15
Q

how many points of weight bearing under metatrsal heads

A

6
2 under the 1st metatarsal head and
1 for each of the lesser metatarsal heads

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16
Q

what should be the position of metatarsals in order for midtarsal joit to be locked and for the metatarsal heads to bear weight

A

metatrsals 2-4 should be in the maximally dorsiflexed position

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17
Q

inorder for metatarsal heads 1-5 to bear weight properly, they should be

A

in the center of their ranges of motion

the 1st and 5th rays have independent axis of motion

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18
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance- the knee

A

in the frontal plane

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19
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance-the tibia

A

perpendicular to the ground

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20
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance-the ankle joint

A

should be 90º

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21
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance-the subtalar joint

A

should be in neutral position ( no deviation from the sagittal plane )

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22
Q

if the calcaneous is inverted, the midtarsal

A

will be supinated

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23
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance-the midtarsal joint

A

should be maximally pronated

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24
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance-the 1st and 5th rays are

A

at the centers of their independent ranges of motion

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25
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance-the 2nd, 3rd and 4th rays

A

are maximally dorsiflexed

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26
Q

clinical criteria for normal stance-the bisection of the posterior surface of the calcaneus is

A

perpendicular to the supporting surface

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27
Q

a line connecting the 5 metatarsal heads is

A

parallel to the supporting surface

perpendicular to the calcaneal bisection

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28
Q

the fetus’ hip joint should be

A

externally rotated and maximally flexed

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29
Q

the fetus’s legs should be

A

inernally rotated with the knees maximally flexed

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30
Q

the fetus’s feet should be

A

plantarflexed and inverted

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31
Q

in utero what is the position of left leg in in relation to right leg

A

the left leg is usually over the right leg

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32
Q

in fetal position , the hip is

A
  1. flexed
  2. abducted
  3. externally rotated
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33
Q

in the adult hip is

A
  1. neither flexed or extended (vertical)
  2. at the intersection of the frontal and sagittal planes (neither adducted or abducted )
  3. at the center of range of motion in the transverse plane
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34
Q

angle of inclination

A

the angle formed by a line bisecting the neck of the femur and a line bisecting the long axis of the femur

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35
Q

angle of inclination is a ——–plane evaluation

A

FRONTAL

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36
Q

angle of inclination >140

A

male —because hip is smaller

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37
Q

angle of inclination <140

A

female

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38
Q

normal range for angle of inclination at birth

A

135º-140º

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39
Q

Less angulated means

A

higher angle number

40
Q

the less angulated (higher angle number)

A

the more narrow the hip

41
Q

as the measured angle gets to 90, the hip will be

A

wider

42
Q

angle of inclination is AKA

A

shaft neck angle

43
Q

normal adult value for angle of inclination in male

A

126º-128º

44
Q

normal adult value for angle of inclination in female

A

90º-125º

45
Q

women usually have a ———amount of angulation ( angle closer to 90º)

A

HIGHER

46
Q

the adult values are usually reached by the age of

A

6 years old

47
Q

ontogeny - femoral version

A
  • soft tissue changes of the femoral head relative to acetabulum
  • Angle of anteversion
48
Q

Angle of anteversion

A

the angle formed by the neck of the femur with respect to the frontal plane

49
Q

angle of anteversion is a ——–plane measurement

A

Transverse

50
Q

version is

A

a turning within a joint , involving a soft tissue change

i.e., the change in the angle of anteversion is a versional change

51
Q

torsion

A

a twisting within a bone

i.e., the change in the angle of inclination

52
Q

at birth the angle of anteversion is about

A

60º externally rotated in the transverse plane with respect to the frontal plane

53
Q

during development the hip undergoes a ———internal change for finish with the normal adult value of ———-(-internal or external?)

A

50º
10º
External

54
Q

what is the benefit of the 50º internal change during development ?

A

better seating of the femoral head within the acetabulum

55
Q

at fetal position we need to be ——–rotated

A

externally

56
Q

if the angle of anteversion is greater than normal or (greater than 10 º external this would indicate

A

a less than normal developmental versional change

clinically, this may be a cause of out-toein

57
Q

transverse plane changes will create

A

transverse plane deformity

58
Q

if the angle of anteversion is less than normal ( or less than 10º external) this would indicate

A

a greater than normal developmental versional change.

59
Q

if the angle of anteversion is less than normal ( or less than 10º external) this condition may be referred to as

A

retroversion

clinically this may be the cause of in-toeing

60
Q

retroversion is the cause of

A

in-toeing

61
Q

Retro is changes

A

going PAST normal

62
Q

Femoral torsion

A

the angle formed by the axis through the head and neck of the femur and the transcondylar line of the distal femur

63
Q

femoral torsion is a ———plane measurement

A

Transverse

64
Q

femoral torsion is AKA

A

angle of antetorision
angle of declination
angle of femoral torsion

65
Q

at birth the normal angle of femoral torsion is

A

about 35º internally rotated

66
Q

the normal adult value of angle of femoral torsion is

A

10º internally rotated

67
Q

the change of angle that occurs in the angle of femoral torsion between newborns and adults is from

A

greater internal rotation to a position of lesser internal rotation therefore the change is in the direction of EXTERNAL torquing

68
Q

if the angle of femoral torsion is greater than normal (or greater than 10º internal) then this would indicate

A

a less than normal developmental torsional change

clinically this may be the cause of in-toein

69
Q

if the angle of femoral torsion is less than normal ( less than 10º internally rotated ) then this would indicate

A

greater than normal developmental torsional change
this condition may be referred to as retrotorsion
clinically this may be a cause of out-toeing

70
Q

in-toeing is more of

A

anteroversion rotation

71
Q

out-toeing is more of a

A

retroversion rotataion

72
Q

if we start at 30 go past 10

A

retro torsion

73
Q

knee position-in a normal adult, the angle of anteversion is

A

10º external

74
Q

knee position-in a normal adult, the angle of femoral torsion is

A

10º internal

75
Q

as a result of angle of anteversion and angle of femoral torsion in adults the knee should be at

A

0º in the transverse plane, or parallel to the frontal plane

76
Q

the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau extends further ———-than the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau

A

superiorly

this is a sagittal plane change

77
Q

why babies can’t straighten their knees

A

because the changes in tibial plateau have not occurred yet

78
Q

at birth the tibial plateau is angulated

A

30º posteriorly

79
Q

the adult normal value for tibial plateau is

A

5º

80
Q

if too much change in the position of the tibial plateau has occurred

A

genu recurvatum may be present

81
Q

at birth the tibia has a varus attitude of

A

15-30º

82
Q

in the adult the normal value of bowing of the tibia is

A

0-2º

83
Q

valgus/varum is

A

frontal plane deformity

84
Q

frontal plane bowing of the tibia

A

the distal aspect of tibia is directed towards the midline compared to the proximal aspect of the tibia. However, the measurement is made with respect to the ground

85
Q

tibial torsion

A

tibial torsion refers to the transverse plane rotation of the distal aspect of the tibia relative to the proximal aspect of the tibia

86
Q

normal value of tibial torsion at birth

A

0º

87
Q

normal value of tibial torsion in adults

A

18-23º external

88
Q

can we measure true tibial torsion?

A

no because the fibula is in the way-so we measure mealleolar position

89
Q

malleolar position is the relationship between

A

the bisection of tibia proximally to the bisection of medial and lateral malleoli distally

90
Q

clinically we measure the angle formed by the bisection of the medial and lateral malleoli with respect to what plane?

A

frontal plane

91
Q

for measuring the angle formed by the bisection of medial and lateral malleoli the knee and therefore the proximal tibia should be in what plane ?

A

frontal plane

92
Q

normal values of malleolar position at birth

A

0º

93
Q

normal values of malleolar position in adults :

A

13-18º external

94
Q

true tibial torsion is ……………. than malleolar position

A

5º greater

because the fibular malleolus is slightly anterior to the distal tibial bisection

95
Q

because of the difference between true tibial torsion and malleolar position we should use

A

15-20º external as the normal tibial torsion and not the 13-18º

Biomechanics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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