Terminology, planes and axes Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
frontal plane in the foot will separate the foot into
A
distal and proximal portion (anterior +posterior )
2
Q
transverse plane divides the foot into
A
dorsal and plantar portions
3
Q
how many cardinal planes?
A
Frontal
Transverse
Sagittal
each is perpendicular to the other
4
Q
adduction/abduction of the body occurs in what plane?
A
frontal plane
5
Q
adduction/abduction of the foot occurs in what plane?
A
Transverse plane
6
Q
ion or ing
A
motion
7
Q
ed
A
position
8
Q
-us or -um
A
deformity
9
Q
Abductus
A
-a fixed angular relationship ( a deformity) in the foot, in a transverse plane
the foot would appear “out-toed”
-Distal segment of the joint is deviated away from the midline of the body
10
Q
Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion occurs in
A
Sagittal plane
11
Q
in dorsiflexion
A
the distal aspect of the foot moves toward the anterior surface of the leg
12
Q
Pronation
A
triplane motion DORSIFLEXION EVERSION ABDUCTION none of the 3 component motions can occur independently of the other 2
13
Q
Supination
A
triplane motion
plantarflexion
inversion
adduction
14
Q
supination and pronation can occur in
A
- ankle joint
- subtalar joint
- oblique midtarsal joint
- longitudinal midtarsal joint
- fifth ray
15
Q
angle of declination in femur is AKA
A
femoral torsion
16
Q
angle of declination is formed by
A
a line tangent to the posterior condyles and a second line bisecting the neck of the femur
17
Q
normal angle of femur declination in adults
A
8-12 degrees internally rotated
18
Q
normal angle of femur declination in newborns
A
30 degrees internally rotated
19
Q
angle of declination in 1st metatarsal
A
formed by a line bisecting the 1st metatarsal and a line representing the supporting surface
20
Q
angle of declination in 1st metatarsal is AKA
A
1st metatarsal declination angle
21
Q
1st metatarsal declination angle is observed in what plane ?
A
sagittal plane
22
Q
what is gait?
A
manner or style of walking , running or any other form of repetitive bipedal human locomotion.
23
Q
one Gait cycle is
A
activity from heel strike of one foot to heel strike by the SAME foot
24
Q
Angle of Gait
A
angle observed on a transverse plane between the long axis of the foot and the line of progression of the center of body mass
25
A patient with an increase angle of gait will have
feet more abducted than normal (out-toed)
26
angle of gait is observed on what plane ?
transverse plane
27
base of gait
distance between the medial malleoli as they pass at midstance in gait
may also be described as distance from the line of progression
(Remember that one foot may have a wider base of gait than the other )
28
OKC
motion of a joint where the distal part of the joint is free to move and the proximal part of the joint is stabilized
motion of a body where one end of the body or body part is stabilized and the other end is free to move
29
CKC
motion occurs between 2 fixed points
30
congruous
optimum alignment of joint surfaces
31
subluxation
incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint
32
in a subluxed joint , the motion is ----------with the axis motion for that joint
inconsistent
33
both subluxed and dislocated are examples of
incongruency
34
coxa valga
- osseous deformity
| - angle of inclination of the femur has not decrease to pre-established normal (128º)
35
coxa valga is usually associated with
```
narrower hips
genu varum (bow legs )
```
36
coxa vara
- osseaous deformity
| - angle of inclination of the femur has decreased beyond the pre-esablished normal
37
coxa vara is usually associated with
```
wider hips
genu valgum (knock knees)
```
38
Genu valgum
abnormal abducted angle of tibia in relation to the femur
39
genu valgum is deformity in what plane
Frontal plane
40
Genu Varum
abnormal adducted angle of tibia in relation to the femur
41
in genu varum, the body part distal to the knee is in what position relative to the knee?
fixed inverted
42
genu varum is deformity in what plane?
Frontal plane
43
Genu Recurvatum is a deformity in what angle?
Sagittal
44
Genu Recurvatum
When the knee is extending beyond 180º
45
what is the normal angle of knee extension in children
5º to to age 5
46
what is cyma line?
double curved line seen on radiograph formed by combination of the line of the talonavicular joint and the line of calcaneocuboid joint
47
what is Equinus?
limitation of normal range of drosiflexion of the ankle joint
48
Equinus is a deformity in what plane?
Sagittal
49
Equinus is most commonly referred to
an ankle joint deformity
50
Eversion is a motion in what plane?
Frontal plane
51
What is eversion?
a frontal plane motion whereby the plantar surface of the foot rotates away from the midline of the body
52
At the subtalar joint, pronation is occuring but we measure
frontal plane component of pronation
53
What does 1st ray consist of?
the 1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal moving about a common axis
54
normal 1st ray function requires
normal hallux function
55
what is dorsiflexed 1st ray?
Fixed sagittal plane deformity of the 1st ray in which the head of the 1st metatarsal has a greater range of dorsiflexion motion as compared to the range of plantarflexion motion
56
What is the normal range of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion in 1sst ray?
5mm dorsiflexion
| 5mm plantarflexion
57
plantarflexed 1sr ray?
Fixed sagittal plane deformity in which plantar surface of the 1st metatrsal head lies below the plantar plane of the lesser metatarsals
58
in plantarflexed 1sr ray the subtalar joint is in what position?
Neutral
59
in plantarflexed 1sr ray the midtarsal joint is in what position?
Fully pronated
60
in plantarflexed 1sr ray subtalar joint and midtarsal jont can be
Rigid and Flexible
61
STJ neutral position involves
- greatest compression forces and least torsional forces
| - closed-pack position
62
STJ neutral position is measured by
comparing the leg bisection to the calcaneal bisection while the subtalar joint is in neutral position
63
what is the normal STJ neutral position
0 or rectus
64
Rearfoot
combined unit of the os calcis and the talus
65
Neutral Calcaneal stance position (NCSP)
angle that the posterior bisection makes with the ground when the individual is in static stance and the STJ is held in neutral
66
what is a normal (NCSP)?
0 or rectus
67
Total rearfoot deformity is equal to
Calcaulates NCSP=tibial influence + STJ NP
68
REARFOOT VARUS
- frontal plane osseous deformity
- sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the heel is inverted to the ground when the subtalar joint is in neutral position (NCSP)
69
Rearfoot varus can be
- compensated
- uncompensated
- partially compensated
70
Rearfoot valgus
- frontal plane osseous deformity
- sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the heel is everetd to the ground when the STJ is in neutral position (NCPS)
71
most rearfoot valgus is a result of
genue valgum
72
Relaxed calcaneal stance position (RCSP)
position of the sagittal bisection of the calcaneus to the ground while standing in a relaxed manner in the patient's normal angle and base of gait.
73
RCSP represents
compensation at the subtalar joint
74
Forefoot
Portion of the foot that is distal to the midtarsal joint
75
midtarsal joint
talonavicular
| calcaneocuboid
76
locking mechanism of the midtarsal joint is when
the STJ is in neutral position and midtarsal joint is maximally pronated
77
in locking mechanism, the midtarsal joint is
incapable of further dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction motion
78
locking mechanism of the midtarsal joint is a position of
stability
79
locking mechanism of the midtarsal joint contributes to
the mobile adapter/rigid lever function of the foot
80
Forefoot adductus
when the angle made by line bisecting the shaft of the 2nd metatrsal and the line representing the long axis of the rearfoot is >15º
81
Forefoot adductus is a deformity that is observed in what plane?
transverse plane
82
angulation in forefoot adductus occur at what joint?
midtarsal joint
83
Metatarsus adductus
when metatarsals are deviated toward the midline of the body
84
angulation in metatarsus adductus occur at what joint?
at tarso-metatarsal joints
85
Forefoot valgus
- osseous abnormality
- Entire plantar plane of the forefoot is everted relative to the sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the calcaneous
86
how would one evaluate the forefoot valgus deformity?
evaluated when STJ is in neutral position and midtarsal joint is maximally pronated
87
forefoot varus
- osseous abnormality
- Entire plantar plane of the forefoot is inverted relative to the sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the calcaneous
88
compensated forefoot varus
inverted forefoot deformity where the entire forefoot is in contact with the ground due to compensatory pronation of the subtalar joint when the foot is relaxed.
89
partially compensated forefoot varus
forefoot is inverted to the ground by a lesser degree than the total amount of the deformity
90
uncompensated forefoot varus
forefoot is inverted to the ground by the same degree as the total amount of deformity
91
uncompensated forefoot varus is Rare or common?
RARE
92
in uncompensated forefoot varus, subtalar joint
is unable to compensate
93
what is abnormal compensation?
a pathological , anamalous change in the osseous structure ( bones or joints)
94
abnormal compensation can occur in
bones or joints
95
abnormal compensation occurs in response to?
_a demand for motion at a joint to move contrary to its axis of motion
_motion beyond its available range of motion
96
forefoot supinatus
fixed supinated position of the midtarsal joint as a result of inverted SOFT TISSUE deformity of the forefoot on the rearfoot when the subtalar joint is neutral and MTJ is maximally pronated
97
what is the difference between forefoot varus and forefoot supinatus
forefoot varus is due to bony deformity
| forefoot supinatus is due to soft tissue deformity.
98
melleolar position
a torsional relationship between the malleoli relative to the proximal condyles of the tibia
99
malleolar position is usually --------less than tibial torsion
5º
100
orthoses
apparatus used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities
improve function of movable parts of the body
101
Axis
an axis is a line created by the intersection of 2 or more planes and about which motion can occur
102
if motion occurs in one plane, then the axis is located
at the intersection of the remaining 2 planes
103
pivot point
is the point in which the net motion is zero..like the center of a wheel
104
in human body the pivot point is usually
within or very near the joint
105
an axis located at the intersection of the frontal and sagittal planes will have motion occurring in the
Transverse plane
106
As the axis moves further away from a particular plane,
more motion occurs in that plane
107
Name 3 uniaxial joints?
1. ankle joint
2. Subtalar joint
3. interphalangeal joints
108
Name 2 biaxial joints
1. Knee joints (allows flexion/extension and interna/external rotation)
2. metatarsophalangeal joints (allow for abduction/adduction and flexion/extension)
109
Name a triaxial joint
hip joint (allows for flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation)
110
true or false?
| true uniplanar motion is not likely in the body
True
111
motion can be described as combination of
axes and planes (e.g. subtalar joint us uniaxial, triplanar motion)
112
The axis of a joint is described as the amount of
deviation from all 3 planes
113
when the joint axis is deviated further away from a particular plane than normal, the joint motion may be described as having
planar dominance in that particular plane
