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Biomechanics Exam 1 > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable fibrous joint which can attenuate force but permits little to no movement (sutures-skull syndesmosis-distal tibiofibular )

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2
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable cartilaginous joint which can attenuate force and permit more motion than a synarthrosis
(synchondrosis, symphysis-vertebral joints and pubis symphysis)

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3
Q

Diarthrosis

A

synovial-freely movable joint with articular cartilage, joint capusle and synovial fluid

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4
Q

types of joints

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Hinge
  3. pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and Socket
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5
Q

Gliding joint

A

plane, arthrodial
the articulating surfaces are nearly flat and the motion allowed is NON_AXIAL or gliding
in the foot: intermetatarsal joint

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6
Q

Hinge (ginglymus)

A

one articular surface is concave and the other one is convex-the motion allowed is planar, hinge-like
in the foot: interphalangeal joints

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7
Q

pivot ( screw, trochoid)

A

motion occurs around one axis~ like atlanoaxial joint

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8
Q

Condyloid (ovoid, ellipsoid)

A

one articular surface is ovular convex and the other one is reciprocally shaped concave. Allowing for flexion/extension, adduction/abduction as well as circumduction
in the foot: the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints

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9
Q

Saddle (Sellar)

A

The articular surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex (saddle shaped) allowing for motion similar to but greater than condyloid joint (the elbow)

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10
Q

Ball and Socket (spheroidal)

A

The articular surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex allowing for motion in all 3 planes

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11
Q

intermetatarsal joints are what type of joints?

A

Gliding

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12
Q

interphalangeal joints are what type of joints?

A

Hinge

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13
Q

atlantoaxial joint is what type of joint?

A

Pivot

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14
Q

lesser metatarsophalangeal joints are what type of joints?

A

Condyloid

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15
Q

Spine is composed of

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
4 Coccygeal
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16
Q

all of the vertebrae in the spine are separated by discs with the exception of

A

C1 and C2

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17
Q

cervical and lumbar curves on the spin are

A

Convex

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18
Q

thoracic curve on the spine is

A

concave

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19
Q

convex curves are AKA

A

secondary

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20
Q

concave curve is AKA

A

primary

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21
Q

sometimes Sacral curve can also be

A

anterior , concave, primary curve

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22
Q

kyphotic curves

A

anterior concavity/posterior convexity ( primary)

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23
Q

Lordotic curves

A

anterior convexity/posterior concavity ( secondary)

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24
Q

pregnancy increases

A

lordosis

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25
Q

scoliosis is ——plane change

A

Frontal

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26
Q

the type of vertebra determine the type of

A

motion

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27
Q

what is the motion that the thoracic spine is responsible for?

A

Lateral bending and axial rotation

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28
Q

what is the motion that the lumbar spine is responsible for?

A

flexion and extension with some axial rotation

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29
Q

the location of the axis of a joint changes as it undergoes

A

range of motion

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30
Q

instantaneous center or instantaneous axis of rotation

A

position of the axis at a single point along the range of motion
i.e., the instantaneous axis at the knee when the knee is fully extended will be different than then instantaneous axis when the knee is fully flexed

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31
Q

where does the instantaneous center of rotation lie in the spine?

A

within the intervertebral disc.

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32
Q

the disc is composed of

A
  1. nucleus pulposus

2. annulus fibrosus

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33
Q

what is the effect of bending and torsional stresses on the IV disc?

A

bending and torsional stresses increase the load on the disc which may lead to deformation and loss of function over time.

34
Q

what does the Young’s law of stretch say?

A

if you stretch something beyond its flexibility , it will no longer return to its original shape

35
Q

True/ False

IV disc has its own blood supply

A

True
until age 8..after which they rely on intermitent changes of pressure to provide a pumping action of fluids carrying nutrient in and wastes out .

36
Q

a typical geriatric patients has approximately ——-less fluid content

A

35%

37
Q

A young , healthy nucleus pulposes is composed of ———-water

A

90%

38
Q

over time the disc creeps which means

A

it loses its ability to return back to its original shape

39
Q

as the disc becomes less effective in providing shock absorption and motion

A

the facets have to take on more and more stress

40
Q

extension gives what kind of stress

A

Anterior stress

41
Q

Flexion gives what kind of stress

A

Posterior Stress

42
Q

What is coupling?

A

consisitent association of one motion about an axis with another motion about a different axis

43
Q

coupling patterns /types of motions are dependent upon

A

the anatomy, spinal curvature, IV disc and soft tissues

44
Q

“couple” in spine means

A

motion patterns

45
Q

“couple” in gait means

A

forces

a moment created by 2 equal forces parallel to each other but acting in opposite directions

46
Q

Spinal movements always involve a number of

A

motion segments ( 2 vertebrae and soft tissues in between)

47
Q

The range of motion for flexion/extension is greatest in the

A

cervical and lumbar segments

48
Q

The range of motion for flexion/extension is highest at

A

L5-S1

49
Q

lateral flexion is

A

frontal plane movement of the spine

50
Q

lateral flexion is least at

A

L5-S1

51
Q

Transverse plane rotation of the spine is minimal in

A

the lumbar region

52
Q

lateral flexion and transverse plane rotations are ————

A

coupled motions-one doesnt occur without the other

53
Q

Sacroiliac joint is located

A

just anterior to the posterior superior iliac spine of the ilium

54
Q

sacroiliac joint is exposed to large stresses from the

A

lower extremity to axial skeleton and vice-versa

55
Q

Sacroiliac joint changes in childhood

A

synovial joint with mobility and a pliable joint capsule

56
Q

Sacroiliac joint changes in young adulthood

A

the joint changes from a diarthrodial to a modified amphiarthodial joint with transition from a smooth to a rough joint surface

57
Q

Sacroiliac joint changes in adulthood

A

numerous reciprocally contoured elevations and depressions

58
Q

Sacroiliac joint changes in aging

A

joint capsule becomes increasingly fibrosed , with less motion available and osteophyte formation is common

59
Q

when a joint fuses

A

sacrolosis, anklosis

60
Q

ligaments of sacroiliac joint …3 primary ligaments

A

anterior sacroiliac joint
interosseous ligament
short and long posterior sacroiliac ligaments

61
Q

ligaments of sacroiliac joint- 2 secondary ligamnets

A

sacrotuberous ligamnet

sacrospinous lifament

62
Q

sacroiliac joint motion

A

relatively small primarily sagittal plane motion ( rotational and translational)
0.2 to 2 degrees for rotation
1-2 mm for translation
7-8 degrees in extremes of bilateral hip motions

63
Q

sacroiliac joint motion-Nutation

A

anterior sacral tilt with posterior iliac tilt

64
Q

sacroiliac joint motion-counternutation

A

posterior sacral tilt with anterior iliac tilt

65
Q

nutation and counternutation are ——–plane motion

A

Sagittal

66
Q

motion can occur as

A

sacral on iliac rotation
iliac on sacral rotation
or both

67
Q

sacral angle

A

the angle of superior surface of the sacrum to the transverse plane

68
Q

Normal sacral angle in adult

A

30º

69
Q

as the sacral angle increases

A

lordosis increases

70
Q

as the sacral angle increases

A

the shear force also increases

gravity will try to pull off the one vertebrae inferior to it

71
Q

what is structural limb length discrepancy?

A

a true difference between the length of one or more of the bones in one lower extremity as compared to the other lower extremity.

72
Q

What is Functional(apparent, False) limb length discrepancy?

A

A spinal , pelvis or pedal condition causing one lower extremity to act as if it were shorter than the other lower extremity

73
Q

scoliosis can be as a result of

A

limb length discrepancy

74
Q

differences of more than 1cm ( one hip 1 cm higher than the other ) can cause

A

lateral flexion of the upper border of the sacral plane of 4º ( changes in 4 º which is a lot!!!)

75
Q

what is compensation?

A

the body will attempt to correct itself for the discrepancy by posteriorly rotating the inominate bone (transverse plane) and pronating more at the subtalar joint on the longer side to produce a functional shorter limb

76
Q

in other words compensation is

A

pronation on the longer side

supination on the shorter side

77
Q

compensation ~ the more you pronate

A

the more you flex the knee

78
Q

limb length discrepancy short side

A
  • chronic low back pain
  • anterior rotation of the inominate (hip bone)
  • reduced facet angle
  • tensor fascia Lata tightness and trochanteric bursitis
  • subtalar joint supination
79
Q

limb length discrepancy long side

A
  • Drooping shoulder with an elevated iliac crest on the long side
  • posterior rotation of the nominate
  • reduced sacral angle and increased lumbar lordosis-eventual sciatica
  • ilipsoas and priformis tightness
  • superolateral hip joint degeneration
  • subtalar joint pronation
80
Q

unilaterally plantar fasciatis can be associated with

A

limb length discrepancy

81
Q

measurement of actual limb

A

measure from ASIS to medial malleolus

82
Q

measurement of functional limb

A

measure from umbilicus to medial malleolus

Biomechanics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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