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Biomechanics Exam 1 > Physics, Kinetics and Kinematics > Flashcards

Physics, Kinetics and Kinematics Flashcards

1
Q

energy

A

the ability of an object to do work

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2
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion in an object

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4
Q

Force

A

F=m.a (newton’s 2nd law)

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5
Q

torque

A
  • a rotational equivalent of force

- Rotates an object about an axis of rotation

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6
Q

torque is synonymous with

A

moment

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7
Q

what is the formula for torque

A

perpendicular force . length of lever arm. T=d/F

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8
Q

moment or moment of force

A

the tendency for a force to twist or rotate an object

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9
Q

internal moment

A

a rotational force-torque from within the body

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10
Q

examples of internal moment

A

muscles, ligaments, bony architecture

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11
Q

External moment

A

a rotational force from outside the body

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12
Q

Examples of external moment

A

ground reactive force, momentum, gravity

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13
Q

vector

A

forces associated with both magnitude and direction

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14
Q

motion at a joint partly depends upon

A

leverage

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15
Q

levers determine

A

mechanical advantage ( internal moment arm/ external moment arm)

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16
Q

in the 1st class lever the axis of rotation is located

A

between the opposing forces

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17
Q

an example of 1st class lever in the body

A

sagittal plane motion of the head is controlled muscle force and weight of the head

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18
Q

mechanical advantage in the 1st class lever

A

can be less than 1 , equal to or greater than 1

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19
Q

the axis of rotation in 2nd class lever is located

A

at one end of the bone

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20
Q

in the 2nd class lever the internal moment has ———leverage than the external moment

A

greater

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21
Q

example of 2nd class lever

A

rare in the body

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22
Q

mechanical advantage of second class lever

A

greater than 1

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23
Q

in the 3rd class lever the axis of rotation is located

A

at the end of the bone

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24
Q

what is the most common lever type in the musculoskeletal system

A

3rd class lever

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25
Q

3rd class lever has a mechanical advantage of

A

less than 1

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26
Q

friction

A

the force resisting motion of objects sliding against each other

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27
Q

momentum

A

the quantity of motion possessed by a body

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28
Q

linear momentum

A

mass. linear velocity

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29
Q

Rotational momentum

A

mass moment of inertia.angular velocity

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30
Q

newton 1st law

A

A mass is at rest until acted upon by an external force

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31
Q

law of inertia

A

a body in motion tend to stay in motion and a body at rest tends to stay at rest

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32
Q

inertia

A

resistance offered by an object to set it in motion,

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33
Q

moment of inertia depends on

A

the way the mass is distributed about the center of gravity

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34
Q

second law of newton

A

an external force will cause the body to accelerate in the direction of the force

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35
Q

relation of acceleration to force and mass

A

acceleration is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass

36
Q

work

A

force over distance in joules

37
Q

power

A

rate at which work is done J/s

38
Q

joint power

A

moment.angular velocity

39
Q

centripetal force

A

a force that makes a body follow a curved path

40
Q

centripetal acceleration

A

the rate of change of tangential velocity

41
Q

angular acceleration

A

the rate of change of angular velocity over time

42
Q

formula of angular acceleration

A

torque/mass moment of inertia

43
Q

angular acceleration and centripetal acceleration are……

A

perpendicular

44
Q

inverse dynamics

A

using kinematics and kinetics to calculate joint forces, torques and powers

45
Q

each weight bearing limb accomplishes 4 functions

A
  1. propulsion
  2. stance stability
  3. shock absorption
  4. Energy conservation
46
Q

energy conservation of the center of gravity

A
  1. pelvic rotation
  2. pelvic tilt
  3. knee flexion ( during loading response)
  4. foot mechanisms (ankle plantarflexion at heel strike)
  5. knee mechanisms ( knee extension with ankle plantar flexion after midstance)
  6. lateral displacement of the pelvis
47
Q

in the inverted pendulum net work is

A

zero

48
Q

in the inverted pendulum net work is zero because

A

positive and negative work cancel each other out

49
Q

in walking PE and KE are

A

out of phase

50
Q

we have minimum PE when

A

COM is at its lowest point (DLS)

51
Q

we have maximum PE when

A

COM is at its highest point (SLS)

52
Q

minimum KE when

A

COM is at its highest point

53
Q

Max KE when

A

COM is at its lowest point

54
Q

in DLS leading limb performs

A

negative work (inealstic collision with ground)

55
Q

following limb perform

A

positive work

56
Q

both limbs perform———and ———-work against each other simultaneously

A

positive

negative

57
Q

DLS lasts for ——-of gait cycle

A

20%

58
Q

DLS accounts for ———-of metabolic energy through muscle activity

A

60%-70%

59
Q

2 of the 3 rockers are active during DLS -redirects __________and preserves ___________

A

center of mass velocity

Forward momentum

60
Q

gastrosoleus complex is AKA

A

tricep surae

61
Q

the COM is thought ti be anterior to

A

S2

62
Q

the center of gravity implies a ———having magnitude and direction, changes with———–

A

Force

position of the body

63
Q

COM ——-COG

A

does NOT equal

64
Q

forefoot rocker

A

propulsive phase

65
Q

ankle rocker

A

midstance

66
Q

heel rocker

A

heel strike/loading response

67
Q

kinematics

A

study of motion

68
Q

linear motion gives

A

distance
velocity
acceleration

69
Q

rotational motion around an axis gives

A

angular displacement
angular velocity
angular acceleration

70
Q

kinetics

A

study of forces, masses, and moments

forces that cause movement

71
Q

internally through

A

muscle activity
ligaments
friction of muscle and joints (bony architecture )

72
Q

externally through

A

ground

active or passive bodies (primarily GRF, momentum and gravity)

73
Q

forces are

A

vector quantities with magnitude and direction

74
Q

scalar quantities

A

like temp and mass only have magnitude

75
Q

for forces generated from rotational motion you need to know

A

momentum
mass
force

76
Q

for forces generated from rotational motion, you need to know

A

angular momentum
moment of inertia
moment

77
Q

moment

A

M=F.D

78
Q

Ground reactive force create external moments how does the body react to that?

A

the body reacts by creating internal moment through muscle contraction, tension in soft tissues (eg ligaments ) and bone to bone forces

79
Q

moment of inertia deals with

A

rotational motion

80
Q

moment of inertia has to do with

A

HOW the mass is distributed in the limb segment

81
Q

what is couple in kinetics

A

a moment created by 2 equal forces parallel to each other , but acting in opposite directions

82
Q

an example of couple

A

plantarflexion-knee extension in terminal stance

83
Q

gait rite system

A

gives measures such as

  1. step variability
  2. step length
  3. step time
  4. cadence (rhythmic)
  5. walking speed
84
Q

Simi System Cycling

A

motion analysis-how much range of motion occurs in the knee?

85
Q

What are the 3 rockers?

A

Heel rocker
Ankle rocker
Toe rocker

Biomechanics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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