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Biomechanics Exam 1 > Physics, Kinetics and Kinematics > Flashcards

Physics, Kinetics and Kinematics Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

energy

A

the ability of an object to do work

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2
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion in an object

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4
Q

Force

A

F=m.a (newton’s 2nd law)

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5
Q

torque

A
  • a rotational equivalent of force

- Rotates an object about an axis of rotation

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6
Q

torque is synonymous with

A

moment

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7
Q

what is the formula for torque

A

perpendicular force . length of lever arm. T=d/F

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8
Q

moment or moment of force

A

the tendency for a force to twist or rotate an object

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9
Q

internal moment

A

a rotational force-torque from within the body

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10
Q

examples of internal moment

A

muscles, ligaments, bony architecture

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11
Q

External moment

A

a rotational force from outside the body

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12
Q

Examples of external moment

A

ground reactive force, momentum, gravity

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13
Q

vector

A

forces associated with both magnitude and direction

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14
Q

motion at a joint partly depends upon

A

leverage

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15
Q

levers determine

A

mechanical advantage ( internal moment arm/ external moment arm)

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16
Q

in the 1st class lever the axis of rotation is located

A

between the opposing forces

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17
Q

an example of 1st class lever in the body

A

sagittal plane motion of the head is controlled muscle force and weight of the head

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18
Q

mechanical advantage in the 1st class lever

A

can be less than 1 , equal to or greater than 1

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19
Q

the axis of rotation in 2nd class lever is located

A

at one end of the bone

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20
Q

in the 2nd class lever the internal moment has ———leverage than the external moment

A

greater

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21
Q

example of 2nd class lever

A

rare in the body

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22
Q

mechanical advantage of second class lever

A

greater than 1

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23
Q

in the 3rd class lever the axis of rotation is located

A

at the end of the bone

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24
Q

what is the most common lever type in the musculoskeletal system

A

3rd class lever

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25
3rd class lever has a mechanical advantage of
less than 1
26
friction
the force resisting motion of objects sliding against each other
27
momentum
the quantity of motion possessed by a body
28
linear momentum
mass. linear velocity
29
Rotational momentum
mass moment of inertia.angular velocity
30
newton 1st law
A mass is at rest until acted upon by an external force
31
law of inertia
a body in motion tend to stay in motion and a body at rest tends to stay at rest
32
inertia
resistance offered by an object to set it in motion,
33
moment of inertia depends on
the way the mass is distributed about the center of gravity
34
second law of newton
an external force will cause the body to accelerate in the direction of the force
35
relation of acceleration to force and mass
acceleration is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass
36
work
force over distance in joules
37
power
rate at which work is done J/s
38
joint power
moment.angular velocity
39
centripetal force
a force that makes a body follow a curved path
40
centripetal acceleration
the rate of change of tangential velocity
41
angular acceleration
the rate of change of angular velocity over time
42
formula of angular acceleration
torque/mass moment of inertia
43
angular acceleration and centripetal acceleration are......
perpendicular
44
inverse dynamics
using kinematics and kinetics to calculate joint forces, torques and powers
45
each weight bearing limb accomplishes 4 functions
1. propulsion 2. stance stability 3. shock absorption 4. Energy conservation
46
energy conservation of the center of gravity
1. pelvic rotation 2. pelvic tilt 3. knee flexion ( during loading response) 4. foot mechanisms (ankle plantarflexion at heel strike) 5. knee mechanisms ( knee extension with ankle plantar flexion after midstance) 6. lateral displacement of the pelvis
47
in the inverted pendulum net work is
zero
48
in the inverted pendulum net work is zero because
positive and negative work cancel each other out
49
in walking PE and KE are
out of phase
50
we have minimum PE when
COM is at its lowest point (DLS)
51
we have maximum PE when
COM is at its highest point (SLS)
52
minimum KE when
COM is at its highest point
53
Max KE when
COM is at its lowest point
54
in DLS leading limb performs
negative work (inealstic collision with ground)
55
following limb perform
positive work
56
both limbs perform---------and ----------work against each other simultaneously
positive | negative
57
DLS lasts for -------of gait cycle
20%
58
DLS accounts for ----------of metabolic energy through muscle activity
60%-70%
59
2 of the 3 rockers are active during DLS -redirects __________and preserves ___________
center of mass velocity | Forward momentum
60
gastrosoleus complex is AKA
tricep surae
61
the COM is thought ti be anterior to
S2
62
the center of gravity implies a ---------having magnitude and direction, changes with-----------
Force | position of the body
63
COM -------COG
does NOT equal
64
forefoot rocker
propulsive phase
65
ankle rocker
midstance
66
heel rocker
heel strike/loading response
67
kinematics
study of motion
68
linear motion gives
distance velocity acceleration
69
rotational motion around an axis gives
angular displacement angular velocity angular acceleration
70
kinetics
study of forces, masses, and moments | forces that cause movement
71
internally through
muscle activity ligaments friction of muscle and joints (bony architecture )
72
externally through
ground | active or passive bodies (primarily GRF, momentum and gravity)
73
forces are
vector quantities with magnitude and direction
74
scalar quantities
like temp and mass only have magnitude
75
for forces generated from rotational motion you need to know
momentum mass force
76
for forces generated from rotational motion, you need to know
angular momentum moment of inertia moment
77
moment
M=F.D
78
Ground reactive force create external moments how does the body react to that?
the body reacts by creating internal moment through muscle contraction, tension in soft tissues (eg ligaments ) and bone to bone forces
79
moment of inertia deals with
rotational motion
80
moment of inertia has to do with
HOW the mass is distributed in the limb segment
81
what is couple in kinetics
a moment created by 2 equal forces parallel to each other , but acting in opposite directions
82
an example of couple
plantarflexion-knee extension in terminal stance
83
gait rite system
gives measures such as 1. step variability 2. step length 3. step time 4. cadence (rhythmic) 5. walking speed
84
Simi System Cycling
motion analysis-how much range of motion occurs in the knee?
85
What are the 3 rockers?
Heel rocker Ankle rocker Toe rocker

Biomechanics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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