organisation of the human body

Question 1

define anatomy

Answer 1

the science of structure and the relationships among structures

Question 2

define physiology

Answer 2

the science of body functions, that is determined by the anatomy,

how the body parts function, and emphasise that the structure of a part determines how it will function

Question 3

what are the names of the different levels of organisation

Answer 3

chemical level- atoms and molecules

cellular level - cells with organelles (basic units of life)

Tissue : groups of cells & surrounding matrix
- 4 basic types: epithelial, connective (blood is connective tissue) (offer support), muscular, nervous.

Organ: groups of tissues (usually different tissue types) performing a common function.

System: group of organs with a common function.

Organismal: combines all systems of the body

Question 4

what is the chemical level of organisation

Answer 4

it includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, 2 or more atoms joined together

Question 5

what combine to form the cellular level of organisation

Answer 5

molecules combine to form this level.

Question 6

explain cells use

Answer 6

basic structural and functional units of an organism, and the smallest living units in the human body

Question 7

what represents the tissue level of organisation

Answer 7

groups of cells and the material surrounding them., as work together to perform a particular function therefore representing this level of organisation

Question 8

what are the 4 different tissue types that represent the tissue level of organisation

Answer 8

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

Question 9

how is the organ level of organisation formed

Answer 9

when different types of tissue join together
usually 2 or more diff tissues and have specific functions

Question 10

what forms the system level of organisation

Answer 10

when related organs that have common function group together

Question 11

what is the largest level of organisation

Answer 11

organismal level

Question 12

what does the organismal level of organisation include and form

Answer 12

includes all systems of the body that combine to form the organism

Question 13

why does the bodys systems work together

and ex of how

Answer 13

to maintain health.
protect one from disease.
and allow species reproduction

ex:
the integumentary system protects all systems by serving as a barrier between outside environment and internal tissues and organs

the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to and wastes away from the cells. as well as regulating acidity, temperature and water content of body fluids

Question 14

what is metabolism

Answer 14

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. it includes the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller simpler ones and the building of bodys structural and functional components

Question 15

what is responsiveness

Answer 15

bodys ability to detect and respond to changes in internal and external environment

Question 16

what does movement include

Answer 16

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or tiny organelles inside within cells

Question 17

what does growth refer to

Answer 17

increase in body size due to an increase in size of existing cells, and number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells

Question 18

what is differentiation

Answer 18

the process whereby unspecialised cells become specialised cells

Question 19

what does reproduction refer to

Answer 19

the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

Question 20

what does homeostasis ensure to the bodys internal environment

Answer 20

that it stays steady despite changes inside and outside the body

all body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis

(maintaining limits)

Question 21

how is homeostasis controlled

Answer 21

by nervous system and endocrine system

Question 22

whats the name for disruptors causing change in homeostasis controlled condition called

Answer 22

stimulus

Question 23

what is homeostasis maintained by
and what are the components of these

Answer 23

feedback mechanisms

the components of a feedback system are: control centre, receptor, and an effector

Question 24

explain a negative feedback system

Answer 24

reverses a change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis
most feedback systems in body are negative

Question 25

explain a positive feedback system

Answer 25

strengthens a change in the controlled condition. if positive feedback should occur, its results are usually destructive or deadly. however a few are beneficial such as contractions in childbirth, ovulation and blood clotting

Question 26

what is blood pressure definition

Answer 26

source of blood as it passes through the vessels. to sustain life it must be maintained at an appropriate pressure

Question 27

what does blood pressure depend on

Answer 27

rate and strength of the heartbeat if faster heartbeat then more blood pushed into arteries and elevates pressure

Question 28

how is increased blood pressure detected

Answer 28

by baroreceptors, pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in walls of certain blood vessels. these respond by sending impulse to brain. the brain responds by sending nerve impulse to heart and certain blood vessels to slow rate so decrease pressure. this cycle is called feedback system

Question 29

what does the feedback system involve

Answer 29

a cycle of events in which the info about body conditions is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region

Question 30

explain aging process in terms of homeostasis

Answer 30

aging is normal process characterized by a progressive decline in body's ability to restore homeostasis the changes associated with aging are apparent in all body systems

Question 31

directional terms are always given in regard to the body in what position

Answer 31

anatomical position

Question 32

what happens in anatomical position

Answer 32

the subject stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes forward, feet are flat on floor and forward. and arms are at sides with palms forward

Question 33

what are directional terms used for

Answer 33

describing position if one body part to another and give ex

Question 34

what are body planes or sections

Answer 34

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts The SAGITTAL PLANE is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. If the right and left sides are equal in size, it is called a MIDSAGITTAL plane and runs through the midline of the body or organs. If the body or organ is divided into unequal right and left sides, the plane is called a PARASAGITTAL plane. The FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions. The TRANSVERSE plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Question 35

what are body cavities and give ex

Answer 35

spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate and support internal organs The CRANIAL CAVITY is formed by the cranial (skull) bones and contains the brain, and the VERTEBRAL (SPINAL) CANAL is formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord. The THORACIC CAVITY is the chest cavity, which contains the heart, lungs, associated blood vessels, and respiratory organs, and the ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY extends from the diaphragm to the groin

Question 36

what are the names of the 9 abdominopelvic regions

Answer 36

epigastric, right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, umbilical, right lumbar, left lumbar, hypogastric, right iliac, and left iliac

Question 37

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 37

the right upper quadrant (RUQ), the left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and the left lower quadrant (LLQ).

Question 38

list the life processes

Answer 38

Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction

Question 39

how do body systems work together and give an ex

Answer 39

Systems work together to maintain health, protect from disease and allow for reproduction. e.g., the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to and wastes away from cells. It also regulates the acidity, temperature and water content of the body fluids.

Question 40

define homeostasis

Answer 40

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 41

explain homeostasis

Answer 41

Dynamic process. Maintained by feedback systems. Involves adjusting the value of a physiological variable. Must be measured and then changed toward some goal.

Question 42

name and explain the system components

Answer 42

Controlled variable e.g., blood pressure Receptor measures variable value Control Centre evaluates input from receptor and sends output to the effector Effector System that changes the value of the controlled variable as determined by the control center. – to attempt to take controlled variable back to normal level to maintain homeostasis

Question 43

explain homeostasis negative feedback system

Answer 43

Reverses a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal” This is the process that maintains homeostasis e.g., blood sugar levels, blood pressure, body temperature If this process is insufficient then medication may be needed to assist it

Question 44

why do we feel faint when blood loss of blood donation

Answer 44

as more energy is going to heart to help it pump harder

Question 45

explain homeostasis positive feedback control

Answer 45

This process strengthens a change. These are rare but important Must be shut down by an outside force as otherwise can be fatal e.g., childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting

Question 46

explain aging in terms of homeostasis and give example

Answer 46

Normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis e.g., temperature control - often elderly people suffer from hypothermia because their body does not respond to the cold stimulus

Question 47

whats the definition of disorder

Answer 47

abnormality of structure/function – such as a valve in the heart that’s not formed properly

Question 48

whats the definition of disease

Answer 48

specific illness determined by signs & symptoms

Question 49

whats the definition of symptoms

Answer 49

subjective (belong to the subject) changes not observable from outside – such as feeling dizzy or sick feeling

Question 50

what is the definition of signs

Answer 50

measurable observable changes – such as vomiting