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human anatomy and physiology > the integumentary system > Flashcards

the integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

the integumentary system refers to what

A

the body covering

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2
Q

what does the integumentary system include

A

skin
nails
hair

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3
Q

what is the structure of skin also known as

A

as the cutaneous membrane or integument

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3
Q

explain the skin

A
  • one of larges organs in human body
  • essential for life
  • has multilayer structure seen through microscope. The layers help perform its function
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4
Q

name and describe the 2 main parts of skins structure

A

Epidermis #
- surface epithelial layer

Dermis
-deeper connective tissue layer
- Deep dermis not part of the skin = subcutaneous(fat) layer or Hypodermis

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5
Q

explain the skin layers and structure

A

Skin consists of two basic tissues (epithelium and connective tissue) arranged as two fundamental layers:
- an outer EPIDERMIS (epithelium) and
- an inner DERMIS (connective tissue)
- In addition a subcutaneous (“under skin”) layer of connective tissue connects the skin to deeper structures but is not part of the skin. This layer is called SUPERFICIAL FASCIA or HYPODERMIS.

Connective tissue found in the epidermis layer is adipose tissue, these cells are full of lipid

Reticular layer is a main fibrous bed of the dermis, and consist of course, dense and interlacing collagen fibres, which are intermingled with a few reticular fibres and numerous elastic fibres. The predominant direction of these fibres is parallel to surface.
Cuts parallel to these lines heal faster and less scaring than those cut across collagen fibres

Within the reticular layer are epidermal derivatives such as hair follicles, glands and erector pili muscle , blood vessels, and nerve receptors

Papillary layer comprises of 20%of layer and composed primarily of loose areolar connective tissue. The surface forms dermal papillae, these are richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves and are exaggerated in size on our hands and feet, resulting in finger and toe prints and palm and sole prints
Papillary dermis contain a vast network which has 2 functions: supporting avascular epidermis with vital nutrients. And providing a network for thermal regulation.
The vasculature is organised in a way that by increasing or decreasing blood flow it can either be conserved or dissipated
Papillary dermis also contains 3 sensitive nerve endings and structures called Meissner corpuscles which found in sensitive areas.

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6
Q

whats the epidermis for

A

protection

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7
Q

what is the epidermis composed of

A

of Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

name the 4 cell types the epidermis is made from

A

Keratinocytes – major group

Melanocytes

Langerhans cells

Merkel cells

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9
Q

describe keratinocytes

A

Comprise 90% of epidermal cells

4-5 layers

Produce keratin, which help Protect and Waterproof skin

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10
Q

explain KERATINOCYTES in the Epidermis

A

stacked on top of each other more or less in layers

sizes and shapes depend on where the epithelium is located

basal cells are generally low columnar or cuboidal

surface (apical) cells are squamous

intermediate cells have shapes that progress from cuboidal or columnar to squamous

differences in shape reflect the stage of maturity and development

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11
Q

how many strata/ sublayers does the epidermis have

A

4 or 5

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12
Q

each cell in the epidermis strtas have what

A

particular features

Some cell types are found in both layers such as melanocytes and Langerhans cells

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13
Q

name the 4 epidermis strata/ sublayers

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
    stratum lucidum
  4. stratum corneum
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14
Q

what cell types overlap into other epidermis strava

A

melanocytes in layers basale and spinosum and Langerhans cells in spinosum and granulosum

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15
Q

explain the stratum basale

A

the single layer of low columnar or cuboidal cells at the base of the epidermis (basal layer).

These are the stem cells of the epidermis

Renewal of the epidermis takes about 3-4 weeks.

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16
Q

explain the stratum spinosum

A

several layers of polyhedral cells joined by many desmosomes (specialised cell junctions that increase adhesion)

(spinous layer)

Towards the surface the cells become flattened.

The surface of the cells is covered with short cytoplasmic spines or projections which form intracellular bridges with adjacent cells

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17
Q

explain the STRATUM GRANULOSUM

A

In thick skin, a few layers of flattened cells with cytoplasmic granules (granular layer).

In thin skin only one layer may be visible.

Nuclei begin to degenerate.

Cytoplasm contains many fine grains of keratohyalin granules, which release their lipid contents into the interstitial space. This acts as a protective barrier.

As cells push upward keratohyalin changes into keratin

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18
Q

explain stratum lucidum

A

Cannot be identified in thin skin.

Several layers of flattened cells, closely packed

Nuclei are hardly visible, either absent or
indistinct

Translucent layer of cells

3-5 cells deep

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19
Q

explain stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer of epidermis and is layer of skin we see on outside

Its comprised of dead cells filled with protein keratin. Flat and squamous shape

Arranged in overlapping layers making skin tough and waterproof

Protection of the body by the epidermis is essentially due to the functional features of this layer.

Consists of several to many layers of flattened keratinised (dead) cells (keratinised layer)

Cells are completely filled with keratin filaments embedded in a dense matrix of proteins.

Individual cells are difficult to observe because nuclei are not very visible, cells are very flat and the space between cells is full of lipids that cement the cells together.

Closer to the surface of the epidermis the stratum corneum has a looser appearance.

Cells are constantly lost from this layer

Variation in skin thickness of the epidermis (~0.1mm - >1mm) are due to the varying thickness of the stratum corneum.

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20
Q

explain the structure diff between thick and thin skin

A

In thick skin 5 strata are seen

Thin skin layer has no stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum is loosely packed

21
Q

give a quick summary of the epidermal layers

A

There are generally 4 visible strata (layers):

Stratum basale
– includes stem cells

Stratum spinosum
– 8-10 cell layer
Cells beginning to look flattened

Stratum granulosum
– increase in keratin
Losing cell organelles and nuclei
Include lamellar granules = waterproofing lipid
(Stratum lucidum in thick skin only)

Stratum corneum
– flattened dead cells
Cells shed and are replaced from below
mostly keratin-filled

22
Q

describe the regional differences of thick skin

A

covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

is different from skin everywhere else in the body

has a very thick stratum corneum

although thick, this skin is very sensitive to mechanical stimuli, especially the epidermis on the fingertips.

the basal surface of the epidermis of thick skin is formed into deep folds that makes its attachment to the dermis very strong.

23
Q

explain the folds in thick skin

A

the folds correspond to the valleys between the surface ridges of the epidermis that we see as fingerprints on the hands.

  • also called FRICTION SKIN because it helps us get a grip on objects in our external environment.
  • also called GLABROUS (SMOOTH) SKIN because it completely lacks hairs.
24
Q

explain melanocytes in terms of melanin

A

produce melanin, which produces colour and protects skin damage from uv light. People of diff races have same number of melanocytes, but amount of melanin produced varies depending on DNA.

Other factors also affect melanin production such as uv rays, biomedical chemicals and drugs like antibiotics

25
Q

melanocytes Account for what percent of epidermal cells

A

8%

26
Q

what do melanocytes do to pigment melanin as dont store it

A

instead they transport pigment to keratinocytes

27
Q

name to more epidermal cells

A
  1. Langerhans Cells- immune response
  2. Merkel cells – sensory
    Include tactile disc and neuron = touch sensation
28
Q

explain langerhans cells

A

collectively form a defensive network in the epidermis. Important in skins immune system
are found mostly in the stratus spinosum.

are phagocytic cells that engulf foreign materials that invade the epidermis.

in contact with an antigen (foreign protein), they migrate out of the epidermis and skin to lymph nodes.

29
Q

explain merkel cells

A

Merkel Cell Complexes are found in the stratum basale, they are abundant in thick skin in the palms of hands and soles of feet (planter surfaces) and interact with free nerve endings (non-myelinated), which are sensitive to touch (mechanoreceptors).

They are mostly found in thick skin, on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

They are difficult to tell apart from Melanocytes.

30
Q

what 3 factors contribute to skin colour

A
  1. The amount and kind of (yellow, reddish brown, or black) melanin in the epidermis. – more melanin more dark the skin
  2. The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue. This can give the skin a yellow tinge
  3. The amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels – cyanosis = blueish tinge when oxygen levels are low
31
Q

name and describe some abnormalities in skin pigmentation

A

albinism
- inherited recessive disorder - little or no melanin

melasma
- dark brown symmetric areas on face and neck

pigment loss after skin damage
- burns, scars etc.

vitiligo
- smooth white patches in skin due to loss of melanocytes

birthmarks
- abnormal blood vessels or malformed pigment cells

32
Q

what are the 3 types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma
- 75% of all skin cancers, highly treatable and starts in the basal cell layer of the epidermis, grows very slowly

Squamous cell carcinoma
- approx 20%, more aggressive (can spread) but treatable

Melanoma -
~5% but 73% of deaths, starts in melanocytes, usually in a mole and spreads very quickly

33
Q

describe jaundice

A

an abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in the body tissues.

34
Q

explain haematomas

A

bruises or black and blue marks: reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Such clotted blood masses are called haematomas.

An unusual tendency to bruising may signify a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or haemophilia – also a sign of leukaemia

  • Elderly people bruise more easily as epidermis is thinner and capillaries are more delicate
35
Q

what are the 3 accessory structures

A

hair
skin glands
nails

36
Q

explain where hair is found

A

on most skin surfaces

Not on palmar surfaces of hand and fingers or plantar surfaces of feet i.e. not in thick skin

37
Q

what is hair made of

A

fused keratinized cells

Consists of shaft & root
Surrounded by hair follicle

Base is bulb which includes growing matrix producing cells

38
Q

what are hair nerves

A

hair root plexuses

39
Q

describe hair muscle

A

arrector pili – connects to the papillary dermis and is composed of ribbons of smooth muscle.

When stimulated the arrector pili pull the hair follicles and elevate the hair.

This contraction may be caused by emotional states like fear or rage

40
Q

explain the full hair structures

A

Hair is composed of columns of dead keratinised cells, bound together by extracellular protein

Hair shaft of the follicle is located in dermis

The superficial portion of hair sticks out of the skin

Surrounding the root of the hair is the hair follicle

At base of the hair is the onion shaped structure called the bulb

The root of the hair penetrates into the dermis

Matric within the papillary bulb is where hair is produced

41
Q

epidermal glands participate in what

A

body temp regulation

42
Q

name the 3 epidermal glands

A

sebaceous glands

sudoriferous or sweat glands

ceruminous glands

43
Q

explain the epidermal gland sebaceous

A

secrete oily sebum

Connected to hair follicles. And keep skin soft and moist, and protect hair from getting brittle

44
Q

explain the epidermal gland sudoriferous

A

or sweat glands

Eccrine sweat gland
– most common
- Wide distribution – thermoregulation
- Regulate body temp by evaporation. Contain water salt and urea

Apocrine sweat gland
– for cold sweat associated with stress
- Axilla, groin, areolae (pigmented area surrounding nipples), beard
- Contain other cell material and produce pheromones
- Found in pubic regions and are responsive for BO

45
Q

explain the epidermal gland apocrine

A

external auditory canal

Combine with sebum to produce earwax

46
Q

what are nails made up of

A

Plates of packed hard dead keratinized cells

47
Q

name the 3 parts to the nail

A

Nail body- major visible portion

Free edge- part extending past finger or toe

Root – part not visible

48
Q

where does nail growth occur

A

nail matrix

49
Q

describe the functions of integumentary system

A

Temperature Regulation

Protection and immunity

Sensory reception

Excretion & Absorption
– small amount
- Urea is excreted in small amounts, O2, CO2 & N2 are absorbed as well as certain drugs e.g. (ibuprofen) and hormones (HRT).

Vitamin D synthesis
- sunlight converts cutaneous 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, which in turn becomes vitamin D3 (calcitriol - steroid hormone

50
Q

describe the affect of aging in the integumentary system

A

Adolescence- can develop acne - stimulated by androgens

Aging processes mainly in dermis - visible ~ age 40

Loss of collagen fibres

Loss of elasticity

Loss of immune responses

Decreased melanocyte functions-
grey/white hair, blotches

Thinning

51
Q

whats a pneumonic for remembering the layers of the epidermis

A

come
lets
get
sun
burnt

human anatomy and physiology (52 decks)

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