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human anatomy and physiology > small intestine and accessory organs > Flashcards

small intestine and accessory organs Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

6m

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2
Q

explain the sections and their lengths, that the small intestine is divided into

A
  • duodenum (25cm) with 2 major accessory gland: liver and pancreas
  • then, jejunum (2.5m)
  • then, ileum (3.5m)
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3
Q

where does the small intestine go from and to in the body

A

from stomach to the cecum of large intestine

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4
Q

explain the duodenum

A

Head of pancreas lies in arc of duodenum

2 small mounds inside:
- lesser duodenal papilla *
- Major duodenal papilla = Greater duodenal papilla. Blue arrow indicates: leads in to the (Major duodenal papilla).

common bile duct &
pancreatic duct
- end in hepatopancreatic ampulla + sphincter

Accessory pancreatic duct opens into lesser duodenal papilla *

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5
Q

why does duodenum have a modified surface

A

to Increase surface area ~600-fold
- Aid digestion & absorption

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6
Q

what are the 3 modifications to the duodenum surface

A
  1. Circular folds (plicae circulares) of mucosa (a) & submucosa (b) at right angles to long axis of GI
  2. Villi of mucosa
    (tiny, finger-like projections 0.5-1.5mm length) containing blood capillary network & lymph capillary (lacteal)
  3. Microvilli
    (1mm long cytoplasmic extensions of cells at surface of villi); combined microvilli form brush border
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7
Q

describe the mucosa of the duodenum

A

Is simple columnar
epithelium with 4
major cell types

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8
Q

name the 4 types of major cell types in the duodenum

A

absorptive cells
goblet cells
granular cells
enteroendocrine cells

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9
Q

explain the absorptive cells of the duodenum mucosa

A
  • with microvilli
  • produce digestive enzymes
  • absorb digested food
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10
Q

explain the goblet cells of the duodenum mucosa

A
  • produce protective mucus
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11
Q

explain the granular cells of the duodenum mucosa

A

help protect epithelium from bacteria

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12
Q

explain the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum mucosa

A

secrete:

  • Cholecystokinin (CCK) to stimulate contraction of gallbladder & enzyme secretion by pancreas, inhibit stomach emptying
  • Secretin, inhibits gastric activity but stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice & gallbladder
  • Gastrin, to stimulate acid & enzyme secretions of stomach, increase stomach motility.
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13
Q

explain the duodenum cells and their function in the duodenum

A

Base of duodenal villi have tubular invaginations called intestinal glands (=crypts of Lieberkuhn) where epithelial cells produced

Absorptive & goblet cells migrate from intestinal glands to cover surface of villi (& eventually shed from tip)

Granular & endocrine cells stay at base of glands

Into base of intestinal glands open duodenal glands (=Brunner’s) = coiled tubular mucous glands of submucosa

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14
Q

what happens to the structure As we progress through
small intestine

A

becommed the Jejenum & Ileum structure, which is where there’s a gradual decrease in:

  • diameter,
  • thickness of wall,
  • No. of circular folds,
  • Number of villi.
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15
Q

Duodenum & jejunum are major sites of what

A

nutrient absorption (some in ileum)

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16
Q

Ileum has numerous what nodes

A

numerous lymph nodes

  • Peyer’s patches (blue arrows) in mucosa & submucosa
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17
Q

describe the Ileocecal junction

A

between ileum & large intestine, with ring of smooth muscle (ileocecal sphincter) & 1-way ileocecal valve

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18
Q

what is the largest internal organ

A

liver

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19
Q

explain the structure of the liver

A
  • 2 major lobes (L&R)
  • 2 minor lobes (caudate & quadrate)

Porta(gate)on inferior surface for entrance & exit of:

  • Vessels (e.g., hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, lymphatic vessels)
  • Ducts
  • Nerves (small hepatic nerve plexus)
20
Q

what does the hepatic duct do and form

A

1 hepatic duct, from each L & R lobe of liver, transport bile out
when combine to form common hepatic duct

which joined by cystic duct from gallbladder (stores bile)

to form common bile duct

21
Q

describe the histology (structure) of the liver

A

At the porta, connective tissue sends branching network of septa (walls), dividing liver into hexagon-shaped lobules

22
Q

At each corner of lobule (Portal Triad), there is what

A

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

Hepatic (bile) duct

(& hepatic nerves & lymph vessels)

23
Q

explain the Veins in liver lobule

A

A central vein in centre of each lobule

They unite to form hepatic veins, which

exit on posterior & superior surface of liver &

empty into inferior vena cava.

24
Q

where do hepatic cords radiate out from

A

from central vein of each lobule like spokes of a wheel

25
Q

what are Hepatic Sinusoids

A

are spaces between hepatic cords = blood channels

26
Q

Hepatic Sinusoids are lined with what cells

A

lined with v.thin irregular squamous endothelium consisting of:

  • very thin, sparse endothelial cells
  • hepatic phagocytic cells (Kupffer cells).
27
Q

Cords composed of hepatocytes are what

A

functional cells of liver

28
Q

what are the 4 major functions of the cells of the liver

A

Synthesis of bile

Storage (e.g., glycogen)

Biotransformation (e.g., synthesize urea, metabolise cholesterol & fat, detoxify drugs & poisons, process several steroid hormones & Vit D)

Synthesis of blood components.

29
Q

the hepatocyte cell is often used to represent what

A

a typical human epithelial cell.

30
Q

where are bile canaliculi found

A

Lie between hepatocytes within each cord

31
Q

what do bile canaliculi do

A

Takes bile to bile duct (which will end up in gall bladder).

32
Q

what does bile contain

A

Bile salts
Cholesterol
Biliverdin & bilirubin
Mucus, fat, lecithin
Cells & cell debris

33
Q

what do bile salts do

A

emulsify fats (so lipases can act on them)

help solubilise end products &

make them available for absorption by intestinal mucosa

aid peristalsis

  • Most other bile contents are waste products for disposal.
34
Q

describe the gall bladder structure

A

Sac-like, 8x4cm, inferior liver surface

3 tunics form gallbladder wall
which are Connected to common bile duct by cystic duct.

35
Q

name the 3 tunics form gallbladder wall

A

Inner mucosa with rugae (expand)

SMC muscularis (contract)

Outer covering of serosa

  • Connected to common bile duct by cystic duct.
36
Q

the pancreas is a complex organ of what tissues

A

both endocrine & exocrine tissues

  • Endocrine = Islets of Langerhans
37
Q

what do Exocrine (acini) produce

A

digestive enzymes

38
Q

what do Endocrine Islets of Langerhans produce

A

hormones.

39
Q

describe the cells of the pancreatic ducts

A

lined with simple cuboidal epithelium; epithelial cells of acini are pyramid-shaped

40
Q

explain pancreatic ducts connection

A

clusters of acini connected by small intercalated ducts
to
intralobular ducts
to
interlobular ducts
to
main pancreatic duct
to
common bile duct

41
Q

explain pancreatic secretions

A

For digestion

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
- Protein

pancreatic amylase
- Carbohydrates

pancreatic lipase
- Fats

ribonuclease
- RNA

deoxyribonuclease
- DNA

cholesterol esterase
- cholesterol

bicarbonate ions
- (provides appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes)

42
Q

explain Bariatric Surgery

A

Weight loss surgery types:
- Gastric banding
- Sleeve gastrectomy
- Gastric bypass

43
Q

give pros and cons of gastric band, Bariatric Surgery

A

pros:
- the band can be adjusted or removed
- no change to intestines
- short hospital stay
- lowest risk of vit and nut shortage

cons:
- might loose less weight than other surgery
- follow up visits to adjust bad happen frequently
- chance ur body wont adapt to band
might have to eventually replace or remove band

44
Q

give pros and cons of gastric sleeve, Bariatric Surgery

A

pro:
- lose more than gastric band
- no change to intestines
- no bands or foreign objects in body
- short hospital stay

con:
- cant be reversed
- high risk of surgery-related problems than gastric band
- chance of vit shortage

45
Q

give pros and cons of gastric bypass, Bariatric Surgery

A

pro:
- more weight loss than gastric band
- no foreign objects in body

con:
- difficult to reverse
- highest chance of vit shortage
- higher rick of surgery-related problems than gastric band

human anatomy and physiology (52 decks)

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