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Basic Haemotology (1204) > Overview Of Anaemia > Flashcards

Overview Of Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cellular elements of blood

A

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

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2
Q

Define
A. Plasma
B. Serum

A

Obtained from anti-coagulated blood

Liquid part of blood that is allowed to clot

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3
Q

Blood is collected in tubes that contain

A

Anticoagulants

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4
Q

What anticoagulant has :
Purple top
Blue top
Green top

A

EDTA
Trisodium Citrate
Heparin

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5
Q

What anticoagulant is associate with finding:
CBC
Test for Coagulation
Molecular studies, cytogenetics, lymphocyte count

A

EDTA
Trisodium Citrate
Heparin

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6
Q

True or False, WBC counts may be inaccurate issuing automated methods

A

True

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7
Q

What are the different functions of the blood

A

Deliver nutrients, oxygen and hormones to tissues (red cells)
Collect waste from cellular metabolism (WBC’s)
Deliver cells to tissues for protection against the external environment (WBC’s)
To prevent leakage by closing holes in blood vessels (platelets and clotting factors)

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8
Q

What are the fluid elements of blood

A 
Plasma 
Serum
Water 
Electrolytes 
Proteins (clotting factors, antibodies, transport proteins)
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9
Q

What anticoagulant is used to find CBC

A

EDTA- Purple top

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10
Q

What anticoagulant is used to test for coagulation

A

Trisodium Citrate- Blue top

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11
Q

What anticoagulant is used in molecular studies, Cytogenetics, lymphocyte count

A

Heparin- green top

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12
Q

Why are WBC inaccurate using automated methods

A

Aggregated cells
Nucleated red cells
Incomplete lysis of cells
WBC Agglutination

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13
Q

What method and prcedure is used in finding the morphology of blood cells

A

Fingerstick method
Smeared on glass side
Stained using Wright or May- Grunwald- Giemsa Stain
Smear is then examined at 10x to 20x

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14
Q

Smear is first _____ before going on to higher power for WBC Differentials

A

Scanned

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15
Q

What should RBCs be accessed for

A

size, shape, haemoglobin distribution

Presence of Inclusion

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16
Q

What term is used to describe a variation in size

A

Anisocytosis

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17
Q

What term is used to describe a variation on shape

A

Poikilocytosis

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18
Q

What term is used to describe a poor haemoglobinisation

A

Hypochromia (Low MCH)

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19
Q

What term is used to describe a lack of central area of pallor

A

Sphrenocytes

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20
Q

What term is used to describe cells that are larger than normal

A

Macrocytes (High MCV)

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21
Q

What term is used to describe cells that are smaller than normal

A

Microcytes (Low MCV)

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22
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Anaemia of chronic disease
Heterozygous thalassemia

A

Normal RDW and Low MCV

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23
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Iron Deficiency and S-thalassemia

A

Elevated RDW and Low MCV

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24
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Aplastic Anaemia, Liver Disease, Chemotherapy

A

Normal RDW and High MCV

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25
What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Folate/B12 deficiency , Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Elevated RDW and High MCV
26
What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Anaemia of chronic disease and Acute blood loss or haemolysis
Normal RDW | Normal MCV
27
What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Early iron, B12, folate deficiency, Chronic liver disease, Sickle cell disease
Elevated RDW and Normal MCV
28
How many white blood cells should be assessed for manual differential Count
100
29
What cells are included in an immature WBC
Bands, Metamyelocytes, Myelocytes, Promyelocytes, blases
30
What is prepared from bone marrow aspirate
Cytology
31
What is accessed from the bone marrow biopsy
Cellularity and infiltration
32
What are the sites for bone marrow evaluation in children
Anterio-medial tibia
33
What are the sites for bone marrow evaluation in adults
Sternum | Anterior and Posterior Iliac Crest
34
What is used to stain the bone marrow for a biopsy
Haematoxylin and eosin
35
What is ESR
Erythrocytes Sedimentation Rate
36
What does the ESR reflect
The tendency of blood to settle more rapidly in some disease states
37
An increase in the rate of ESR represents an increase in what proteins
Fibrinogen, Immunoglobin and other acute phase proteins
38
Red cell _______ and ________ May also affect rate of fall of ESR
Shape and numbers
39
True or false, ESR increases in rate in normal humans
True
40
Name a disease that ESR is useful I. Follow the course
R.A Hodgkins
41
What method is ESR measured ?
Westergren or Wintrobe Method
42
What are the units of measuring for ESR
Mm/hr
43
What is used in the clinical practice to diagnose if a person has Anaemia
Reduction in haemoglobin | Reduction in red cell count
44
``` What is the normal red cell count in: Men Women Infants (full term, cord blood) Children ( 1 year) Children (10-12) ```
5. 5 +/- 1 x 10^12 l 4. 8 +/- 1 x 10^12 l 5. 0 +/- 1 x 10^12 l 4. 4 +/- 0.8 x 10^12 l 4. 7 +/- 0.7 x 10^12 l
45
``` What is the normal Haemoglobin level in : Men Women Infants (full term, cord blood) Children ( 1 year) Children (10-12) ```
``` 15.5 +/- 2.5 g/dl 14 +/- 2.5 g/dl 16.5 +/- 3 g/dl 12 +/- 1 g/dl 13 +/- 1.5 g/dl ```
46
``` What is the normal Packed cell Volume (PCV : haematocrit) in : Men Women Infants (full term, cord blood) Children ( 3 months) Children (10-12) ```
0. 47 +/- 0.07 (l/l) 0. 42 +/- 0.05 (l/l) 0. 54 +/- 0.10 (l/l) 0. 38 +/- 0.06 (l/l) 0. 41 +/- 0.04 (l/l)
47
What are the two main classifications of Anaemia
Pathogenic and aetiological classifications - based on the cause of Anaemia Morphological classification- based on the characteristics of the red cell
48
Clinical investigation of a patient with Anaemia involves which two distinct steps
Determination of the morphological type of Anaemia | Determination of the cause of the Anaemia
49
What are the two aetiological classifications of Anaemia
Hypo- regenerative | Hyper-regenerative
50
What is Hypo- regenerative Anaemia was
Failure of the bone marrow production of red cells
51
What is hyper regenerative Anaemia
Increase in red cell destruction or consumption with a concomitant increase in red cell production
52
Each day, approximately _______ of the red cell pool needs to be replaced by young erythrocytes released from the bone marrow
0.8%
53
Differentiate between the mature red cells and and reticulocytes
Retuculocytes are larger and contain polyribosomal RNA material
54
What type of stains of the peripheral blood are used to detect the reticulate cells
Supravital stains
55
Reticulocyte provides an easy means in differentiating if the _______ or _______ as the source of Anaemia
Marrow or periphery
56
Anaemia + Low Reticulocyte count indicates what type of Anaemia
Hypo regenerative Anaemia
57
Anaemia + High Reticulocyte count indicates what type of Anaemia
Hyper regenerative Anaemia
58
What is the normal Reticulocyte % in : Adults and children Infants (full term,cord blood)
0-2-2% | 2-6%
59
What is the major factor controlling the rate of red cell production
Oxygen content of the arterial blood
60
True or false , reticulocytes released under heavy erythropoietin stimulation remain in the peripheral blood longer than the usual one day maturation time of ‘no stress reticulocytes’
True
61
The Reticulocyte index checks for
Prolonged maturation time of the reticulocytes | The anaemia
62
What is the equation for finding the Reticulocyte index
Reticulocyte count % / maturation time (days) X Patient PCV / Normal PCV
63
What does it mean If the RI is <2 >3
Hypo regenerative Anaemia | Hyper regenerative Anaemia
64
True or false, if the normal pallor is greater than a third of the diameter of the cell, it is macrocytic
False, it is hypochromic
65
The size and staining characteristics of the cell maybe measured by
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin Mean corpuscular volume Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
66
What is the MCV (fl) equation
PCV x 1000/ RCC (10^12/l) | SI unit fl
67
What is the MCH (pg) equation
``` Haemoglobin (g/dL) x 10 / RCC (10^12/l) SI unit (pg) ```
68
What is the MCHC equation
``` Haemoglobin (g/dL) / PCV (l/l) SI unit (g/dL) ```
69
``` What is the normal MCV in Adults Infants (full term, cord blood) Children (1 year) Children (10-12 years) ```
85 +/- 8fl 106 fl 78 ± 8 fl 84 ± 7 fl
70
What is the normal MCH in adults
29.5 ± 2.5 pg
71
What is the normal Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in adults and children
33 ± 2 g/dl
72
True or false, Children and young adults can tolerate a much greater degree of chronic anaemia than older patients due to cardiovascular compromise with advancing age.
true
73
True or false, Symptoms occur at a higher haemoglobin level with rapidly developing anaemia e.g. acute haemorrhage, than in a slowly developing chronic anaemia.
True
74
Describe the pallor in patients with hemolytic anaemia pernicious anaemia. acute blood loss
Pallor + icterus Lemon yellow pallor Waxy dead whiteness + cold and moist palms
75
What is the partial pressure of oxygen when its saturation is 50%
27 mmHg
76
True or false, an increase in 2,3 DPG decreases the affinity of haemogloblin for oxgen and shifts curve to the right
true

Basic Haemotology (1204) (16 decks)

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