How is a scattergram an appropiate graph to collect data?
Can distinguish if there’s a relationship between two co-variables. For eg : the correlation between sleeping hours effect on exam grades. However you cannot ultimately assume correlation is causation - may be another third factor affecting the IV.
Meta- analysis
A type of technical analysis used to gather a range of different findings from multiple research studies (secondary data). Then using statistical testing to provide an overall conclusion.
In what situation would a directional hypothesis ultimately be suitable?
If in the past there has been previous research stating that a certain IV (eg: hours of sleep) has a significant effect on the DV (eg: exam success).
Write an appropiate hypothesis for a directional experiment.
The students who have interventional screen time (2 weeks before an exam) are score significantly higher on a 45 minute examination compared to students who have no screen time (2 weeks before an exam)
How can distribution of scores differ?
Symmetrical vs positively or negatively skewed.
Symmetrical means the mean is roughly equal to the mode and median. Positively skewed means the mean is significantly higher than the mode and median - skewing the results mean higher.
How would you conclude why there is a large difference in the mean and standard deviations of two values
For the mean - Screen time affects exam performance negatively. Group difference in results of means in different settings.
If there is a higher standard deviation from mean in a group it shows there is inconsistency in the effect of the IV on the DV.
12 maker plan for investigating lulls social interaction structure
P- covert, naturalistic, non - participant observsrion to observe natural, genuine behaviour
E - sit at chair far distance from children - don’t reveal identity during break time
J- this means it was covert (pps unaware), naturalistic (conducted in real life playground setting) and non- participant (the researcher did not engage with the children)
C - reduces demand characteristics, unaware so behaviour more liekly to be natural increasing internal validity of findings
P - Time sampling to measure pre - defined behaviours every time they occur within period
E - social interactions can be studies via recording every time a child hugs, shouts, high fives each other every 10 mins
J - focuses on targeted behaviours in a specific peripd of time without being overwhelmed trying to record everything in busy environment
C - however, if simultaneously occurring between ppt the observer could miss out events, reducing the reliability of the data
P - The reliability of observation can be ensured via inter - observer reliability
E - if two psychologist observe same children and both independently observe same amount of behaviours - suggest high IOR
J - important bc observational data can be subjective - interperate behaviours in different ways
C - If both observers are consistently agreeing it increases reliability of findings reducing observer bias.
P - protection from harm
E - In a public playground, natural school activity, no interference
J - non invasive as behaviours would naturally occur either way, no sensitive data recorded
C - remains ethical so methodology can be repeated increasing reliability
Tests to observe
Mann - Whitney test
It is testing for a difference - give eg
Independent/ unrelated design - either no screen or unlimited
Data is interval - difference is fixed between each test score
Matched pupils on typical screen time to increase accuracy
- self report
- eg: of Q
- similar screen time paired with
- one pupil from each pair randomly placed in a or b
How will using
