Part 1: Renal Physiology and Function Flashcards by Geno Alinsub

Kidney Function - T or F

Increase Waste products of metabolism

False (excrete waste products)

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Kidney Function

What are the waste products of metabolism

Creatinine
Urea

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Kidney Function

What is called the excreted wasre products of metabolism?

Urine

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Kidney Fucntion - T or F

Kineys will function properly even if not excreted properly

False

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Kidney Function - T or F

Regulate acid-base balance

True

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Kidney Function

What are the 2 organ that helps with acid-base balance?

Lungs and Kidneys

if 1 shutdowns, balance is not maintained

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Kidney Function

what is the pH range of blood

7.35 to 7.45

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Kidney Function

What is the role of pH in the bodily function?

Regulates and dictates Bodily funciton; chemical reactions are highly dependent on pH levels

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Kidney Function

what acidic substrance are responsible for acidic nature of blood

Hydrogen Ions

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Kidney Function

urine, basic or acidic? and why

Acidic, because of the hydrogen ions

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Kidney Function - T or F

Regulate electrolyte balance

True

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Kidney Function

what happens to excess electrolytes in our body?

excreted through urine

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Kidney Function - T or F

Regulate semen pressure

False (BLOOD)

baliw

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Kidney Function

give 1 system that regulate the blood pressure

Renin Angiostenin Aldosterone System

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Kidney Function

RAAS are activated by which stimulants?

LOW:
- Na
- BP
- Water volume

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Kidney Function - T or F

Regulate white blood cell production

False (Red blood cell)

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Kidney Function

What hormone is produced by kidneys (kidney tissue) responsible for rbc production

EPO (Erythropoietin)

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Kidney Function

whate are BUN

Creatinine and Urea

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Parts of Kidney

give the urine flow sequence

Renal Pelvis—Ureter—Urinary Bladder—Urethra

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Kidney Blood Flow

What blood vessel carries filtered and Unfiltered blood?

Unfiltered - Arteries
Filtered - Veins

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Kidney Blood Flow

what serves the filtration part of the kidney? it receives the blood from Arteries

Nephron

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Kidney Blood Flow

If you see this card

Memorize the blood flow

u go na ,l.

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The nephron

Functional unit of kidney?

Nephron

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The nephron

How many nephron for each kidney?

1 to 1.5M each kidney (2-3M per individual)

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# The nephron what is called the collected blood waste | inside the body

FILTRATE - not yet urine fucker

# The nephron how does filtrate becomes urine?

when it pass collecting ducts and ureters

# The nephron if u see this carcd

memorize the flow for the nephron now na

# The nephron this is where filtrate are being stored

Bowman's capsule

# The nephron where the filtrate flows until it turns into urine

Renal Tubules

# The nephron a tuft of 8 capillaries; acts as a sieve during filtrate formation

glomerulus

# The nephron help with reabsorption and secretion because it surrounds the renal tubules

Peritubular capillaries

# The nephron types of nephron

Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephron

# The nephron type of nephron: - cortex contains 85% of nephron - where the removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients happens

Cortical Nephron

# The nephron this nephron is situated primarily in the cortex of the kidney

Cortical Nephron

# The nephron What type of nephron: - Longer loops of henle - Extends to the medulla - Concentration of urine take place

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Enumerate Renal Blood Flow

1. Renal artery 2. Afferent arteriole 3. Glomerulus 4. Efferent arteriole 5. Peritubular capillaries 6. Vasa r«ta 7. Renal vein

# Renal Blood Flow what supplies blood to the kidney

Renal Artery

# Renal Blood Flow Total Renal blood flow

1200 mL/min (whole blood)

# Renal Blood Flow Total Renal Plasma Flow:

600 to 700 mL/min

# Renal Blood Flow how many mL for both renal blood flow and plasma flow becomes filtrate

120mL - 130mL

# Renal Blood Flow what cells can pass through glomerulus

All except cells and large molucules! ## Footnote walang blood na mag papass

# Urine Formation Process Enumerate the Urinary filtrate flow

gaur check the transes

# Urinary Formation process A phase where the filtrate goes down the PCT and DCT and is reabsorbed

Filtration

# Urinary Formation process In this process, filtrate that contains constituents that are needed in the body are then reabsorbed

Reabsorption ## Footnote DUH

TOF. if a patient is dehydrated, the water that the glomerulus has thrown out will be reabsorbed by the body.

# Urine formation process renal tubules back to the peritubular capillaries

Reabsorption

# Urine formation process peritubular capillaries to renal tubules

secretion ## Footnote opposite ng reabsorption

# Urine Formation process TOF. The filtrate amount is decreased due to absorption; however, the urine volime is increased due to other constituents that are not filtered.

Factors that influence the filtration process, except: A. Hydrokinetic pressure B. Oncotic pressure C. Cellular structure D. RAAS

A (hydrostatic)

# Layers of Glomerulus lined with endothelial cells; contains numerous fenestrated pores

Capillary wall membrane ## Footnote pores increase capillary permeability but do not allow passage of large molecules and blood cells

# Layers of Glomerulus a membrane that permits substrance to exit and become filtrate

Glomerular basement membran

# Glomerular basement membrane MW of a substance to enter (AUBF)

<70,000 MW

# Glomerular basement membrane MW for clinical chemistry

<66,000 MW

# Glomerular basement membrane TOF. Filters the protein due to their negative charge—allowing negative charge to pass

F (protein will repel as they are both negatively charged)

TOF. Proteins are normal components of the urine.

F ## Footnote kidney malfunction na 'yarn

# Layers of Glomerulus slit membranes prevent filtration of proteins

Visceral epithelium (podocytes) ## Footnote podocytes are like foot processes (”podo” means foot)

# Glomerular Pressures forces fluid outside the vessel

hydrostatic pressure

# G. Pressures maintains fluid inside the vessel

Oncotic p.

# Oncotic P. * increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary * increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)–efficient in removing waste

Constriction of the efferent arteriole

# Oncotic p. * decreased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary * decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

constriction of afferent arteriole

controls the regulation of the flow of blood to and within the kidneys

RAAS System

STUDY the RAAS System

God bless

# RAAS What does the posterior pituiary gland secrete?

ADH

# RAAS What organ secretes aldosterone? | after it is stimulated by the angiotensinogen II

Adrenal gland: cortex

# RAAS This part of the DCT will sense the stimulants (low NA)

macula densa

# RAAS Upon the response of macula densa, it will send a signal to what cell in order to produce renin?

juxtaglomerular cell

# Glomerular Filtrate SPECIFIC GRAV.

1.008-1.010

# Glomerular Filtrate pH

7.4

# Glomerular Filtrate plasma concentration of a substance at which active transport stops and increased amounts are excreted in the urine

Renal threshold

# Glomerular Filtrate Glucose renal thresh

160-180

major reabsorption site

PCT

# Active Transport This energy transfers the substance across the cell membrane

Electrochemical

# Active transport Glucose & Amino Acid, Salts

PCT

# Active transport Chloride and sodium

Chloride: Ascending LH Sodium: PCT & DCT

# Trans mechanism Happens when the renal tubule and peritubular capillaries (vessels) have a different concentration gradient

Queer | eme Passive Transport

TOF. Passive reabsorption of water takes place in all parts of nephron except Descending loop of henle.

F (ascend)

# Passive Transport Urea

PCT and Ascending LH

# Passive Transport Sodium

Ascending LH

* where filtrate is exposed to high osmotic gradient of renal medulla * AKA counter-current * Hairpin-like loop * Important in regulating osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid

Loop of Henle

# Countercurrent Multiplier System impermeable to water

Ascend limb

# Countercurrent Multiplier System water is passively reabsorbed

Descend limb

# Countercurrent Multiplier System Na+ and Cl- are actively and passively reabsorbed

Ascend limb

What is the mode of transport and location of Glucose, Amino Acids, Salts?

Active, PCT

TOF. The concentration is still called filtrate until it reaches the renal pevis.

The final concentration happens in?

Happens in the late DCT & collecting duct

increased reabsorption of water; low-volume urine =? adh to

High ADH

walls impermeable to water; large volume urine (dilute)

Low ADH

# Body Hydration ↓ADH = ↑Urine Volume

Hydrated

# Body hydration ↑ADH = ↓Urine Volume

Dehydrated

Passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capllaries to tubular filtrate

Tubular Concentration

This eliminates waste products not filtered by glomerulus

Tubular Concentration

Renal tubules are unable to release H+ ions to the urine (instead in blood) —hence producing alkaline urine

Renal tubular acidosis ## Footnote urine that is naturally acidic, becomes basic

This reflects the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid

pH care

Buffering capacity of blood depends on?

bicarbonate ions (HCO3- ) ## Footnote readily filtered by glomerulus and returned to blood to maintain proper pH

H+ ions are buffered by phosphate ammonia and excreted into urine in the form of the following, except: A. Dihydrogen phosphate B. Bicarbonate C. Weak inorganic acids D. Ammonium

# Tubular Secretion Each time a H+ ion is secreted into the renal tubule, 2 ions are absorbed by tubule

a sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate ion

# Nephron: PCT Secreted, except: A. Creatinine B. Urea C. OH D. NH4

C (OH)