Part 5.1 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What is information literacy?
A
The ability to find, evaluate, and effectively use information in various formats and situations
Information literacy includes problem-solving, decision-making, and knowledge acquisition.
2
Q
What does UNESCO define literacy as?
A
The ability to read and write, as well as the ability to determine oneself in different situations when faced with confusing messages
Literacy also encompasses numeracy, which is the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations.
3
Q
What are the key components of information literacy?
A
- Recognizing information needs
- Locating relevant sources
- Assessing quality of information
- Using information ethically and legally
4
Q
True or False: Information literacy only refers to the ability to read and write.
A
False
5
Q
Fill in the blank: Information literacy involves recognizing _______ needs.
A
[information]
6
Q
What is the importance of information literacy?
A
Enables individuals to effectively navigate the world of information and make informed decisions
Information literacy is fundamental for individuals in all walks of life.
7
Q
What is information literacy?
A
The ability to think critically and make balanced judgments about any information we find and use.
Information literacy empowers citizens to develop informed views and engage fully with society.
8
Q
What is the first key aspect of information literacy?
A
Identifying information needs
Recognizing when information is needed and understanding the specific purpose of the information.
9
Q
What is the second key aspect of information literacy?
A
Locating sources
Finding relevant and reliable sources of information, including books, articles, websites, and databases.
10
Q
What is the third key aspect of information literacy?
A
Evaluating information
Assessing information sources’ credibility, accuracy, and relevance.
11
Q
What is the fourth key aspect of information literacy?
A
Using information ethically and legally
Understanding copyright, plagiarism, and other ethical considerations related to information use.
12
Q
What is the fifth key aspect of information literacy?
A
Organizing and communicating information
Effectively organize and present information clearly and concisely.
13
Q
What is one reason why information literacy is important?
A
It empowers individuals to make informed decisions
By evaluating and using information effectively, individuals can make better choices in their personal, academic, and professional lives.
14
Q
How does information literacy help in problem-solving?
A
It enables individuals to identify problems, gather relevant information, and develop effective solutions
This skill allows for creative approaches to problem-solving.
15
Q
What role does information literacy play in lifelong learning?
A
It is a crucial skill that allows individuals to acquire new knowledge and adapt to changing circumstances
Lifelong learning is essential for personal and professional growth.
16
Q
Why is information literacy essential for participation in a democratic society?
A
It allows individuals to understand complex issues and engage in civic discourse
Informed citizenship is fundamental for a functioning democracy.
17
Q
What challenge does information literacy help individuals navigate in the digital world?
A
It helps distinguish fact from fiction and evaluate the credibility of online sources
This is particularly important in an era of information overload and misinformation.
18
Q
What is a key example of information literacy in action for students?
A
Identifying relevant sources, evaluating their credibility, and using the information to write a well-researched paper
This demonstrates the practical application of research skills in an academic context.
19
Q
What is a key example of information literacy in action for professionals?
A
Identifying relevant training resources, evaluating their quality, and using the information to enhance their professional development
This highlights the importance of continuous learning in a professional setting.
20
Q
What is a key example of information literacy in action for individuals?
A
Evaluating information about different health treatments, financial options, or career paths
This shows how personal decision-making can be informed by critical analysis of information.
21
Q
What types of sources can be utilized for research projects?
A
- Books
- Newspaper articles
- Magazine articles
- Websites
These sources vary in credibility and relevance depending on the research topic.
22
Q
What is the first evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
A
Purpose and intended audience
Understanding the purpose helps determine the relevance of the information.
23
Q
What is the second evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
A
Authority and credibility
This involves considering the author’s qualifications and the reputation of the publication.
24
Q
What is the third evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
A
Accuracy and reliability
This assesses whether the information is supported by evidence and free from errors.
25
What is the fourth evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
Currency and timeliness
## Footnote
This refers to how up-to-date the information is, which is crucial for certain topics.
26
What is the fifth evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
Objectivity or bias
## Footnote
Understanding bias is essential to determine the fairness of the information presented.
27
What is a key example of information literacy in action for students?
Identifying relevant sources, evaluating their credibility, and using the information to write a well-researched paper
## Footnote
This demonstrates the practical application of research skills in an academic context.
28
What is a key example of information literacy in action for professionals?
Identifying relevant training resources, evaluating their quality, and using the information to enhance their professional development
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of continuous learning in a professional setting.
29
What is a key example of information literacy in action for individuals?
Evaluating information about different health treatments, financial options, or career paths
## Footnote
This shows how personal decision-making can be informed by critical analysis of information.
30
What types of sources can be utilized for research projects?
* Books
* Newspaper articles
* Magazine articles
* Websites
## Footnote
These sources vary in credibility and relevance depending on the research topic.
31
What is the first evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
Purpose and intended audience
## Footnote
Understanding the purpose helps determine the relevance of the information.
32
What is the second evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
Authority and credibility
## Footnote
This involves considering the author's qualifications and the reputation of the publication.
33
What is the third evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
Accuracy and reliability
## Footnote
This assesses whether the information is supported by evidence and free from errors.
34
What is the fourth evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
Currency and timeliness
## Footnote
This refers to how up-to-date the information is, which is crucial for certain topics.
35
What is the fifth evaluation criterion for assessing information sources?
Objectivity or bias
## Footnote
Understanding bias is essential to determine the fairness of the information presented.
36
What is one purpose of the source?
To provide information
## Footnote
Example: newspaper articles
37
What is another purpose of the source?
To persuade or advocate
## Footnote
Example: editorials or opinion pieces
38
What is a purpose of the source related to entertainment?
To entertain
## Footnote
Example: a viral video
39
What is a commercial purpose of the source?
To sell a product or service
## Footnote
Example: advertising or marketing materials on a company website
40
Who is one intended audience for the source?
Scholars and academic researchers with specialized knowledge
41
Who is another intended audience for the source?
The general public (without specialized knowledge)
42
Who is an intended audience that includes students?
Students in high school, college or university
## Footnote
Example: textbooks for students learning a new subject
43
What is the first question to consider regarding authority and credibility?
Who is the author?
## Footnote
This question helps identify the source of information.
44
What are the two types of authors mentioned?
Person/individual and organization
## Footnote
Organizations can include government agencies, nonprofit organizations, or corporations.
45
What qualifications should be assessed for the author?
Occupation, experience, educational background, subject matter expertise, and affiliations
## Footnote
These factors help determine the credibility of the author.
46
What affiliations might an author have that could indicate credibility?
University, government agency, nonprofit organization, or corporation
## Footnote
Affiliations can enhance the author's authority.
47
What is one question to ask about the publisher?
Who is the publisher?
## Footnote
Knowing the publisher can provide insight into the quality and credibility of the publication.
48
What types of publishers are there for books?
University press and commercial publisher
## Footnote
University presses often ensure quality through editorial processes.
49
How can one determine if a journal or magazine is popular or scholarly?
By assessing its nature
## Footnote
Popular sources often target a general audience, while scholarly sources target academic readers.
50
What types of websites should you evaluate for authority and credibility?
Organizational websites, commercial companies, and personal blogs
## Footnote
The nature of the website can influence the reliability of the information presented.
51
What is the first criterion for evaluating information?
Accuracy and Reliability
## Footnote
This criterion assesses the trustworthiness of the information based on research and sources.
52
What are some indicators of well-researched information?
References such as citations, footnotes, or a bibliography
## Footnote
These references provide evidence for the claims made in the information.
53
What should you verify if the source includes statistical data?
The information can be verified in another source
## Footnote
This ensures the accuracy of the statistical claims.
54
What is important to know about original research data collection methods?
The method of data collection and the disclosure of validity or reliability
## Footnote
Understanding these aspects helps assess the quality of the research.
55
What is the second criterion for evaluating information?
Currency and Timeliness
## Footnote
This criterion looks at how up-to-date the information is.
56
What should you verify for books and articles regarding currency?
The publication date
## Footnote
This helps determine the relevance of the information.
57
How can you check the currency of a website?
Determine the date the web page was created or updated
## Footnote
This is crucial for assessing the timeliness of the content.
58
When is current information required?
If not required, accurate yet historical information may still be acceptable
## Footnote
This allows for the use of valuable past data in certain contexts.
59
What is the definition of fake news according to the University of Michigan Library?
Fake news refers to news stories that are false, fabricated, and lack verifiable facts, sources, or quotes.
60
What are some characteristics of fake news identified by Loyola Marymount University?
* Authentic material used in the wrong context
* Imposter news sites designed to look like known brands
* Fake news sites
* Fake information
* Manipulated content
61
True or False: Fake news is always completely fabricated and has no basis in reality.
False
62
Fill in the blank: Fake news may be designed as _______ written for economic incentives.
clickbait
63
What is a potential motive behind the creation of fake news?
Economic incentives, such as profiting from the number of clicks on a story.
64
What does 'objectivity' refer to in evaluating sources?
Whether the source contains opinions or facts.
65
What are the two types of information presentation in sources?
Objective (unbiased) and subjective (biased).
66
What should you check about the information's agenda in a source?
Whether it promotes a political, religious, or social agenda.
67
What is an important aspect of advertising content in sources?
It should be clearly labelled.
68
What does the 'R' in RADAR stand for?
Relevance.
69
What is assessed under 'Relevance' in the RADAR method?
How the information is relevant to your project.
70
What does the 'A' in RADAR represent?
Authority.
71
What should you determine about the author in the RADAR evaluation?
Who the author is and their authority.
72
What does the 'D' in RADAR stand for?
Date.
73
Why is the publication date important in evaluating sources?
It helps determine the timeliness of the information.
74
What does the 'A' in RADAR also refer to?
Accuracy.
75
What should you verify regarding the accuracy of a source?
Where they are getting their information from.
76
What is important to check regarding citations and references?
Whether they are using reputable sources.
77
What does the final 'R' in RADAR signify?
Reason for writing.
78
What should you consider about the author's motivation in publishing the information?
Why the author published this information.
79
What is a significant characteristic of the term 'fake news'?
It is a complex and nuanced problem that has become politicized.
80
How do some people use the term 'fake news'?
To discredit opposing viewpoints and cast doubt on controversial issues or media credibility.
81
What technological advancement has contributed to the spread of fake news?
The advent of social media.
82
What percentage of fake news can be linked back to Facebook according to the Columbia Journalism Review?
30%.
83
What percentage of verified news is linked from Facebook?
8%.
84
True or False: There are more fake news sources than verified news sources.
False.
85
What do creators of fake news do with verified news sources?
They check verified news sources and layer them with misinformation.
86
What is the effect of confronting people with both fake news and verified news?
They tend to discount both the misinformation and the facts.
87
Fill in the blank: Most adults use _______ to get their news.
social media.
88
What is the primary method through which fake news proliferates?
Sharing of information online via social media.
89
What is a primary reason for the acceptance of fake news?
Information overload helps fake news spread
## Footnote
Social media platforms are designed to amplify content, making it easier for fake news to proliferate.
90
What is one action individuals can take to combat fake news?
Think before you share
## Footnote
Reading the entire piece before sharing helps ensure accurate information is disseminated.
91
What should you do to verify an unlikely story?
Check out some verification tools
## Footnote
Utilizing fact-checking websites and other resources can help confirm the accuracy of a story.
92
What is the purpose of the B.S. Detector?
Identifies stories from sites that produce clickbait, fake news, and other suspect stories
## Footnote
This browser extension helps users avoid unreliable sources.
93
Name one initiative that helps debunk fake news.
Join the Digital Polarization Initiative
## Footnote
This initiative focuses on reducing misinformation and promoting informed dialogue.
94
What can you do on Facebook to combat fake news?
Report fake news
## Footnote
Reporting helps platforms identify and remove misleading content.
95
What does it mean to rethink your news diet?
Expand your information network to include diverse perspectives from quality sources
## Footnote
This approach encourages critical thinking and reduces echo chambers.
96
What does the 'I' in IMVAIN stand for?
Independent sources are preferable to self-interested sources.
97
What does the 'M' in IMVAIN represent?
Multiple sources are preferable to a report based on a single source.
98
What is the significance of the 'V' in IMVAIN?
Sources that verify or provide verifiable information are preferable to those that merely assert.
99
What does the 'A' in IMVAIN stand for?
Authoritative and/or informed sources are preferable to sources that are uninformed or lack an authoritative background.
100
What does the 'N' in IMVAIN signify?
Named sources are better than anonymous ones.
101
Fill in the blank: Each source in a news report is evaluated using the _______ rubric.
IMVAIN
102
True or False: According to IMVAIN, anonymous sources are preferred over named sources.
False
103
What is the overall purpose of the IMVAIN rubric?
To evaluate the reliability and credibility of news sources.
104
What is the purpose of FactCheck.org?
FactCheck.org fact-checks claims made by presidents, members of Congress, presidential candidates, and other members of the political arena.
105
Which tool verifies claims made by politicians and rates their accuracy?
PolitiFact rates the accuracy of claims by politicians on its Truth-O-Meter.
106
What type of content does Snopes.com primarily focus on?
Snopes.com focuses on uncovering rumors and fact-checking various claims.
107
Fill in the blank: The Verification Handbook is an ultimate guideline on digital age _______.
sourcing
108
True or False: FactCheck.org only reviews claims made during presidential debates.
False
109
What types of claims does PolitiFact fact-check?
Claims by politicians at the federal, state, and local level, as well as political parties, PACs, and advocacy groups.
110
What was the original purpose of Snopes.com?
To uncover rumors that had begun cropping up in chain emails and message boards.
111
What audience is the Verification Handbook primarily aimed at?
Reporters and emergency responders.
112
List three tools for verifying content.
* FactCheck.org
* PolitiFact
* Snopes
113
True or False: The Verification Handbook is a digital tool for fact-checking.
True
114
What is the Wayback Machine?
A web archive that captures websites over time and can be used to verify content history and edits.
## Footnote
The Wayback Machine allows users to see how a webpage appeared at different points in time.
115
What is FotoForensics used for?
To identify parts of an image that may have been modified or 'photoshopped'.
## Footnote
This tool helps users analyze images for authenticity.
116
How does Google Reverse Image Search work?
Upload or use a URL image to check the content history or to see similar images on the web.
## Footnote
This tool is useful for verifying the source of an image.
117
What is the purpose of Google Street View in image verification?
Identifying the location of a suspicious photo or video is a crucial part of the verification process.
## Footnote
Google Street View provides real-world context to images.
118
What information can Jeffrey’s Exif Viewer provide?
It allows you to upload or enter the URL of an image and view its metadata.
## Footnote
Metadata can include details like camera settings and timestamps.
119
What does TinEye Reverse Image Search do?
Upload or enter an image URL to the search bar and see a list of related sites.
## Footnote
TinEye helps track where an image appears online.
120
What is Wikimapia?
A crowd-sourced version of Google Maps, featuring additional information.
## Footnote
Users can contribute information about locations on Wikimapia.
121
What should you do first to spot fake news?
Consider the source
## Footnote
Investigate the site, its mission, and its contact info.
122
What is important to do when reading headlines?
Read beyond
## Footnote
Headlines can be outrageous in an effort to get clicks.
123
How can you verify the credibility of an article?
Check the author
## Footnote
Do a quick search on the author to see if they are credible and real.
124
What should you check regarding supporting information in an article?
Supporting sources
## Footnote
Click on those links to determine if the info given actually supports the story.
125
Why is it important to check the date of a news story?
To ensure relevance
## Footnote
Reposting old news stories doesn’t mean they are relevant to current events.
126
What should you consider if a story seems too outrageous?
Is it a joke?
## Footnote
It might be satire; research the site and author to confirm.
127
What personal factor should be evaluated when assessing news?
Check your biases
## Footnote
Consider if your own beliefs could affect your judgement.
128
Who can you ask for help in verifying news?
Ask the experts
## Footnote
Consult a librarian or a fact-checking site.
129
What is misinformation?
False or inaccurate information that is mistakenly or inadvertently created or spread; the intent is not to deceive.
## Footnote
Misinformation can include incorrect facts or unverified stories that are shared without malicious intent.
130
What is disinformation?
False information that is deliberately created and spread to influence public opinion or obscure the truth.
## Footnote
Disinformation is often used in political contexts or propaganda.
131
What is the larger ecosystem that includes fake news?
Misinformation and disinformation.
## Footnote
Fake news is a part of a broader context that encompasses various forms of misleading information.
132
True or False: Misinformation is always created with the intent to deceive.
False.
## Footnote
Misinformation can be spread without any intention to mislead.
133
What are some characteristics of 'fake news'?
May include:
* A nugget of truth
* Lack of contextualizing details
* No verifiable facts or sources
* Deliberately inflammatory language
* Omission of pertinent details
* Presentation of only one viewpoint
## Footnote
These characteristics can contribute to the spread of misinformation or disinformation.
134
Fill in the blank: Disinformation is created and spread in order to _______.
[influence public opinion or obscure the truth].
135
Who created a visual image to help understand the ecosystem of mis- and disinformation?
Claire Wardle of First Draft News.
## Footnote
Wardle's work helps illustrate how complex the issues of misinformation and disinformation can be.
136
What type of misinformation has no intention to cause harm but has the potential to fool?
Satire or Parody
## Footnote
Satire or parody often exaggerates for comedic effect, which can lead to misunderstanding.
137
What is misleading content?
Misleading use of information to frame an issue or individual.
## Footnote
Misleading content can distort facts or present them out of context.
138
What is imposter content?
When genuine sources are impersonated.
## Footnote
Imposter content can include fake news sites that mimic real ones.
139
What type of content is 100% false and designed to deceive and do harm?
Fabricated Content
## Footnote
Fabricated content is entirely made-up and often aims to mislead the audience.
140
What is a false connection?
When headlines, visuals or captions don’t support the content.
## Footnote
This can mislead readers by creating an inaccurate impression.
141
What does false context refer to?
When genuine content is shared with false contextual information.
## Footnote
This can involve taking real images or quotes and placing them in misleading scenarios.
142
What is manipulated content?
When genuine information or imagery is manipulated to deceive.
## Footnote
This includes digitally altering images or quotes to misrepresent the truth.
143
What are two reasons why partisan actors produce misinformation?
To influence voters and policymakers for political gain, or to influence public discourse
## Footnote
Example: Intentionally spreading misinformation about election fraud.
144
How can financial motives lead to the creation of misinformation?
More clicks mean more money, leading to the creation of stories for financial gain regardless of their content
## Footnote
Example: Macedonian teenagers creating sensational news stories.
145
What is one way political regimes use misinformation?
To advance their propaganda and control the narrative
## Footnote
Example: Russia’s weaponization of 'fake news' during the invasion of Ukraine.
146
What is the role of satirists in the context of misinformation?
To make a point or entertain, or both.
147
What contributes to the production of shoddy writing in news?
The unclear lines between news and entertainment, the explosion of news sites, and the pressure of the 24-hour news cycle.
148
How does technology facilitate the spread of misinformation?
The ease of copying, pasting, clicking, and sharing content online.
149
What is one tactic used to encourage the sharing of misinformation?
Stories are designed to provoke an emotional response and are placed on certain sites to entice sharing.
150
What are 'bots' in the context of misinformation?
Computer algorithms designed to act like people sharing information quickly and automatically.
151
The ability to find, evaluate, and effectively use information in various formats and situations, including problem-solving and decision-making, is called…
Information Literacy
## Footnote
Information Literacy involves critical thinking and is essential for informed decision-making.
152
The key aspects of information literacy include all the following EXCEPT
Purpose and Intended Audience
## Footnote
Identifying information needs, locating sources, and organizing and communicating information are key aspects.
153
Which of the following statements is NOT among the importance of Information Literacy?
Spread fake news
## Footnote
Information literacy is meant to empower individuals against misinformation.
154
Evaluating Information Sources includes all the following criteria EXCEPT
Subjectivity and Objectivity
## Footnote
The criteria for evaluating sources focus on purpose, authority, and accuracy.
155
… are those news stories that are false: the story itself is fabricated, with no verifiable facts, sources or quotes.
Fake News
## Footnote
Fake news is a significant issue in the current media landscape.
156
Which of the following is NOT among the tools for verifying fake news?
Google Scholar
## Footnote
Google Scholar is primarily for academic research and not specifically for fact-checking.
